HHHB
6 ^ / ( r/S^
PRICE ONE SHILLliVtt.
LONDON: PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE, 198 , STRAND
Will, HER AND ROGERS, NEW Y ORK .-AGEM TS FOR UNITED STATES.
PRICE ONE SHILLING,
THE
ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK
VOR
1861
CONTAINING CALENDAR, FESTIVALS, ANNIVERSARIES, TIMES OF HIGH WATER, AND OF THE RISING AND
SETTING OF THE SUN, MOON, AND PLANETS FOR EACH MONTH J
FRUIT OF THE SEASON, PRINTED IN COLOURS,
DRAWN BY MRS. MARGETTS, WITH DESCRIPTIVE LETTERPRESS BY MR. G. W. JOHNSON J
TWELVE ORIGINAL DESIGNS AS HEADINGS TO THE CALENDAR; TWELVE FINE-ART ENGRAVINGS;
ALSO,
ASTRONOMICAL DIAGRAMS OF REMARKABLE PHENOMENA, PRINTED IN COLOURS,-
WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES BY J. BREEN, LATE OP THE CAMBRIDGE OBSERVATORY
LISTS OF GOVERNMENT OFFICES AND OFFICERS, CITY OFFICERS, DIRECTORS OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND,
AND ACTS OF PARLIAMENT PASSED DURING LAST SESSION J
THE QUEEN AND ROYAL FAMILY, FOREIGN AMBASSADORS, LAW COURTS, LAW AND UNIVERSITY TERMS, STAMPS AND TAKES,
POSTAL AND PASSPORT REGULATIONS; ETC., ETC., ETC.
LONDON : PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE OF THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS, 198, STRAND,
D.
OK
D.
OK
ANNIVERSARIES, FESTIVALS, j
SUN.
MOON.
mon WATER AT
M. |
W.
REMARKABLE EVENTS. j
Rises.
Sets.
Rises. |
Sets, j Acre!
Lend -mi Bridge.
Liveriion
“nock.
Tu
Circumcision
11. M.
II.
M.
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.Morn. Dys
Morn. |
Aftern.
Morn.
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It
8 8
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0
9 5210 15 20
5 6
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8 8
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5 28
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Institution, 1859
8 8
4
2
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10 42 22
6 13
6 37
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3 39
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F
Mdlle. Rachel died, 1853
8 8
4
3
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7 l‘
7 26
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4 32
5
S
Transfer Day
8 7
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4
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7 54
8 24
5 2
5 37
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Epiphany
8 7
4
6
3 27
11 48 25
8 59
9 36
6 14
6 53
7
M
Battle of New Orleans. 1815
8 7
4
7
4 48
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10 15 10 57
7 35
8 15
8Tu
r • Fire Insurance
JbUCKLn due
8 G
4
8
6 1
1 1327
11 371
—
8 50
9 22.
9
W
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8 6
4
10
7 1
2 15 28
0 12
0 44
9 5110 18 '
10 “
Penny Post established, 1840
8 5
4
11
7 47
3 27 29
1 13
1 40
10 43 11 5
11 F
Hilary Tenns begins
8 5
4
12
8 19
4 43 @
2 5
2 27
11 27
11 48
12|S
French National Guard dis¬
banded, 1852
8 4
4
14
8 45
6 0 1
2 49
3 10
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1st S. aft. Epiph.
8 3
4
15
9 3
7 13 2
3 29
3 48
0 26
0 43
14 M
Oxford Lent Term begins
8 2
4
17
9 18
8 25 1 3
4 5
4 23
1 1
1 18
15 Tu
Omni’s Attempt to assassin.
Napoleon III., 1858
8 2
4
18
9 31
9 35 4
4 40
4 57
1 35
1 53
16 W
Battle of Corunna, 1809
8 1
4
20
9 44
10 42 5
5 15
5 30
2 8
2 25
17 Th
Jupiter rises 61>. 44m. p.in.
8 0
4
22
9 57
11 50 6
5 47
6 3
2 41
2 58
18
F
r* . Old Twelfth
JrViSCtt Day
7 59
4
23
10 12
Morn. 7
6 20
6 37
3 15
3 34
19
S
Watt born, 1738
7 58
4
25
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6 56
7 16
3 54
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20
s
2nd S. aft. Epipii.
7 57
4
27
10 52
2 11 9
7 38
8 4
4 42
! 5 14
21
M
Agnes
7 56
4
28
11 19
3 21 10
8 36
9 14
5 52
6 30
22
Tu
Vincent
7 55
4
30
11 59
4 29 11
9 52
10 32
7 10
i 7 51
23
W
Duke of Kent died, 1820
7 53
4
32
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5 31 12
11 13 11 50
8 28
9 2
24
Tu
Indian Mutiny, 1857
7 52 4
33
1 59
6 21 13
—
0 24
9 30
9 56
25
F
Convert, of St. Paul
7 514
35
3 17
7 0 14
0 52
1 18
10 21
10 43
26
S
Sunday Schools estab., 1784
7 50 4
37
4 42
7 32 0
1 43
2 5
11 5
11 27
27
s
Septuagesima
7 48
4
39
6 7
7 55116
2 27
2 49
11 47
—
, 28
M
Prescott died, 1859
7 47
4
40
7 34
8 1417|
3 9
3 29
0 7
0 28
29
Tu
Wellington College op., 1859
7 45
4
42
8 59
8 33 18!
3 50
4 8
0 46
1 7
30
W
Charles I. beheaded
7 44
4
44
10 23
8 50 19
4 29
4 50
1 5 29
! 1 28
1 49
31 Th
Hilary Term ends
7 43
4
46
11 50
9 8 20
5 11
1 2 7
2 28
*
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR
THE LIBERATORS OF SICILY—COLONEL TttEE AND GENERAL GARIBALDI.— FROM “THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWTS.”
42
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1361.
THE QUEEN AND ROYAL FAMILY.
THE QUEEN.— Victoria, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith, was bom at Kensington Palace.
May 24, 1S19 ; succeeded to the throne June *20, 1S37, on the death of her
uncle, King William IV. ; was crowned June 2S, 183S ; and married,
February 10. 1S40, to his Royal Highness Prince Albert. Her Majesty is
the only child of his late Royal Highness Edward Duke of Kent, son of
King George ITT.
His Royal Highness Francis-Albert-Augustus-Charles-Emanuel-Buisici,
Prince Consort, Duke of Saxe, Prince of Coburg and Gotha, K.G.,
bom August 26, 1S19.
The children of her Majesty are :—
Her Royal Highness Victoria-Adelaide-Mary-Louisa, Princess Royal,
born November 21, 1840, and married to his Royal Highness Prince
Frederick William of Prussia, January 25, 1S58.
His Royal Highness Albert- Edward, Prince of Wales, born No¬
vember 9, 1S41.
Her Royal Highness Alice Maud-Marv, bom April 25, 1S43.
His Royal Highness Alfred-Emest Albert, bom August 6, 1844.
Her Royal Highness Helena- Augusta-Victoria, bom May 25, 1846.
Her Royal Highness Louisa-Carohna- Alberta, born March 18, 1848.
His Royal Highness Arthur-William-Patrick-Albert, bom May 1. 1S50.
His Royal Highness Leopold-George-Duncan-Albert, born April 7, 1853.
Her Royal Highness Beatrice-Mary-Victoria-Feodore, born April 14, 1857.
George-Fredcrick-William Charles, K.G., Duke of Cambridge, cousin to
her Majesty, horn March 26, 1819.
Victoria-Mary-Louisa, Duchess of Kent, her Majesty’s mother, bom
August 17, 17S6; married, in 1S18, to the Duko of Kent, who died
January 23, 1820.
Augusta-Wilholmina-Louisa, Duchess of Cambridge, niece of the
Landgrave of Hesse, born July 25, 1795 ; married, in ISIS, the late Duke of
Cambridge, by whom she has issue George-William, Augusta-Caroline, and
Mary-Adclaido.
George-Frederick-Alexander-Charles-Emest-Augustus, K.G., King of
Hanover, cousin to her Majesty, bom May 27, 1819 ; married, February,
1843, Princess Mary of Saxe-Altenburg, arid has a son.
Augusta-Caroline-Charlotte-Elizabetli-Mary-Sophia-Louisa, daughter of
the late Duke of Cambridge, and cousin to her Majesty, bom July 19, 1822 ;
married, Juno 2S, 1S43, Frederick, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-
Strelitz.
Mary-Adelaide-WiUielmina-Elizabetk, daughter of the late Duko of
Cambridge, and cousin to her Majesty, bom November 27, 1883.
HER MAJESTY’S HOUSEHOLD.
Lord Chamberlain .. .. .. Viscount Sydney.
Vice-Chamberlain .Viscount Castlerofcse.
Lord Steward.Earl of St. Germans.
Treasurer of the Household .. .. Viscount Bury.
Comptroller of the Household .. Lord Proby.
Master of the Household .. .. Lieutenant-Colonel Biddulph.
Secretary of Board of Green Cloth .. E. M. Browell, Esq.
Keeper of the Privy Purse .. .. Colonel Sir 0. Phipps.
Secretary.H. T. Harrison, Esq.
Mistress of the Robes .. .. .. Duchess of Sutherland.
Master of the Horse .. .. .. Marquis of Ailesbury.
Clerk Marshal.Lord A . Paget.
Master of the Buckhounds .. .. Earl of Bess borough.
PRINCE CONSORT’S HOUSEHOLD.
Groom of the Stole .. .. .. Earl Spencer.
Treasurer.Colonel SirC. Phipps
Private Secretary .Major-General Hon. C. Grey.
Clerk Marshal.Colonel Hon. A. N. Hood.
PRINCE OF WALES’S HOUSEHOLD.
Chancellor and Keeper of theGi oat Seal Lord Kingsdown.
Treasurer and Cofferer .. .. Colonel Sir C. Phipps.
Keeper of the Privy Seal .. .. Sir W. Dunbar, Bart.
Secretary and Clork of Council .. J. R, Gardiner, Esq.
Attomoy-General .W. J. Alexander, Esq.
BRITISH AND FOREIGN AMBASSADORS.
British Ambassadors, &c\. Abroad.
America .. Lord Lyons .
Austria .. Lord Augustus Loftus
Bavaria .. Sir J. R. Milbanke, Bart.
Belgium .. Lord Howard doWalden, G.C.B.
Brazil .. .. W. Dougal Christie Esq.
Central America, George Fagau, Esq.
Chili .. .. W. T. Thomson, Esq.
Denmark .. A. B. Paget, Esq.
Equator .. Walter Cope, Esq.
France.. .. Earl Cowley, G.C.B. ..
GermanConf. Sir Alexander Malet, Bart. ..
Greece.. .. Rt. Hon. SirThouWyse, Iv.C.B.
Hanover .. H. F. Howard, Esq.
Hanse Towns John Ward, Esq.
Mexico .. SirChas. L. Wyke, K.G.B. ..
Netherlands Lord Napier .
New Granada Philip Griffith, Esq.
Persia .. .. Charles Alison, Esq.
P&rtugnl .. Sir A. C. Magenis, K.C.B.
Prussia .. Lord Bloomfield, G.C.B.
Russia .. .. Sir J. F. Ciampton, Bt., K.C.B.
Sardinia .. Sir James Hudson, K.C.B. ..
Saxony .. Hon. C. A. Murray
Spain .. .. Sir Andrew Buchanan, K.C.B.
Sweden .. Hon. G. S. S. Jerningham
Switzerland Capt. Hon. E. A. J. Harris, R.N. J. Rapp, Esq. (Cons.-Gen.)
Two Sicilies Hon. H. G. Elliot .. .. Count de Ludolf
Turkey .. Sir H. Lvtton Bulwer, G.C.B. M. Musurus
Wurtemberg G. J. R. Gordon, Esq. .. .. B.Hebelor,Esq. (Cons.-Gen.)
Foreign Ambassadors in England.
Hon. George M. Dallas
Count d’Apponyi
Baron de Cotto
M. van de Woyer
Com. de C. Moreira
Senor Carlos Gutlerrer.
M. Thorben de Bille
Senor F. Corvaia
Count de Persigny
J. G. Belirends, Esq. (Cons.)
M. Trieoupi
Count Kielmanseggo
M. Rucker
Don Thomas Murphy
Baron Bentinck
Don Juan De F. Martin
Hassan Ali Khan
Count de Lavradio
Count Bemstorff
Baron de Brunnow
Marquis d’Azeglio
Count Vitzthum d’Eckstadt
Senor Don Xavier Isturiz
Count Platen
HER MAJESTY’S CHIEF OFFICERS OF STATE.
First Lord of the Treasury .. .. Viscount Palmerston.
Lord High Chancellor .. .. .. Lord Campbell.
Chancellor of the Exchequer . . .. Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone.
Lord President of the Council .. Earl Granville, K.G
Lord Privy Seal . .. Duke or Argyll.
/'Home Department .. Right Hon. "Sir G. C. Lewis.
Secretaries of foreign Affairs . Lord John Russell.
State S Colonies .. .. Duke of Newcastle.
j War .. .. .. Right Hon. S. Herbert.
I India .. . . .. Right Hon. Sir C. Wood.
First Lord of the Admiralty .. .. Duke of Somerset.
President of the Board of Trade .. Right Hon. T. M. Gibson.
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Right Hon. Sir G. Grey.
President of the Poor-law Board .. Right Hon. C. P. Villiers.
Postmaster-General .. .. Lord Stanley of Alder lev.
First Commissioner of Works .. Right Hon. W. T. Oowper.
Secretary for Ireland . . . . Right Hon. E. Cardwell.
(The above form the Cabinet.)
SCOTLAND.
Lord High Constable . Earl of Erroli.
Keeper of the Great Seal . Earl of Selkirk.
Deputy Keeper of the Great Seal .. J H, Mackenzie, Esq.
Lord Privy Seal . Lord Panmure, K.T.*
Knight Marshal .. .. .. .. Duke of Hamilton.
Master of the Household .. .. Duke of Argyll, K T.
Lord High Commissioner . .. Earl of Mansfield.
Lord Clerk Register . . ' .. .. Marquis of Dalbousic, K.T.
Deputy Lord Clerk Register .. .. W. P. Dunda«, E-q.
Lord Justice General . Right Hon. D. McNeill.
Lord Justice Clerk .. .. .. Right H »n. John Inglis.
Lord Advocate . Right Hon. J. Moncreiff.
Solicitor-General . E. F. Maitland, Esq.
.
Assistant.. ljutant General . Colonel Sir J. Douglas, K.C.B.
IRELAND.
Lord Lieutenant . Earl of Carlisle, K.G.
Chief Secretary.Right Hon. E. Cardwell.
Undersecretary. .. Sir T. Larcom, K.C.B.
Chief Clerk . R. N. Matheson, Esq.
Keeper of the Privy Seal . Right Hon. E. Cardwell.
State Steward .. . . .. .. Viscount St. Lawrence.
Private Secretary to State Stewart .. J. Hatch ell, jun.. Esq.
Chamberlain . Captain P. Butler
Lord Chancellor . Right Hon. M. Brady.
Secretary to the Lord Chancellor .. M. Perrin, Esq.
Master of Rolls . Right Hon. T. B. C. Smith.
Attorney-General.Right Hon. R. Deasy.
Solicitor-General.Thos. O'Hagan, Esq.
Commander of Forces.General Sir George Br«wn, G.C.B.
Military Secretary . Lieut-Colonel E. A. Whitin ire
CITY OFFICERS.
LORD MAYOR—Right Hon. William Cubitt (Langbourne, 1851 j.
Sheriffs — James Abbiss, Esq., Aldermau ; Andrew Lusk, Eso.
Under-Sheriffs— Octavius T. Eagle ton, Esq., Charles Gammon, Esq.
Chamberlain —Benjamin. Scott, Esq.
Recorder— Russell Gurney, Esq., Q.C.
ALDERMEN.
TITE FOLLOWING HAVE PASSED THE CHAIR.
Laurie, Sir Peter, Knt .
Copeland, William Taylor, Esq.
Wilson, Samuel, Esq.
Humphery, John, Esq.
Carroll. Sir George
Duke, Sir James, Bart.
Musgrove, Sir John, Bart.
Challis, Thomas, Esq .
Sidney, Thomas, Esq .
Moon, Sir Francis Graham, Bart.
Salomons, David, Esq.
Finnis, Thomas Quested
Carden, Sir Robert Walter
Wire, David Williams
Carter, John .
THE FOLLOWING HA
Muggoridge, Sir Henry, Knt.
Rose, William Anderson, Esq.
Lawrence, William, Esq.
Hale, W. S., Esq.
Phillips, Benjamin Samuel, Esq.
Gabriel, Thomas, Esq .
Mcehi, John Joseph, Esq.
Allen, W. F., Esq.
Conder, Edward, Esq.
Abbiss, James, Esq.
. Aldersgate
.. 1S26
. Bishopsgate
.. 1829
, Bridge Without
.. 1831
. Aldgate.
.. 1835
Candlewick
.. 1840
Farringdon Without ..
. 1840
Broad-street
.. 1842
Cripplegate
.. 1S43
Billingsgate
. 1844
Portaoken .
.. 1844
Cordwaiuer
.. 1848
Tower
.. 1S4S
Dowgate.
.. 1849
, Walbrook
.. 1S51
Comhill.
.. 1S51
not passed the chair.
, Castle Baynard ..
.. 1851
Queenhithe
.. 1854
Broad-street
.. 1855
Coloman-street ..
.. 1856
Farringdon Within
.. 1857
Vintry .
.. 1857
Lime-street
.. 1858
Cheap .
.. 1S58
Bassishaw
.. 185S
Bridge Within ..
.. 1S59
BANK OF ENGLAND.
Governor —Bonamy Dobree, Esq. | Deputy-Governor —A. Latham, Esq.
Directors.
Thomas Baring, Esq.
Henry Wollaston Blake, Esq.
John William Birch, Esq.
Travers Buxton, Esq.
Stephen Cave, Esq.
Edward Henry Chapman, Esq.
Robert Wigram Crawford, Esq.
William Cotton, Esq.
Charles Pascoe Greenfell, Esq.
Henry Hueks Gibbs, Esq.
Thomson Hankey, Esq.
John Benjamin Heath, Esq.
Kirkman Daniel Hodgson. Esq.
Henry Lancelot Holland, Esq.
John Gellibrand Hubbard. Esq.
Thomas Newman Hunt, Esq.
Charles Frederick Huth, Esq.
George Lyall, Esq.
James Malcolmson, Esq.
Thomas Masfcerman, Esq.
Alexander Matheson, Esq.
James Morris, Esq.
Sheffield Neave. Esq.
George Warde Norman, Esq.
4
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK EOR 1861.
GOVERNMENT OF.FK
TREASURY.
Lords Commissioner* —Viscount Pal¬
merston. Right Hon. TV. E. Glad¬
stone ; E. H. K. Hugessen, Esq. ;
Sir Wm. Dunbar, Bavt.; John
Bagwell, Esq.
Joint Secretaries —Hon. H. B. Brand,
S. Laing, Esq.
Assistant Secretary —G. A. Hamilton,
Esq.
Audit. Civil List — G. Arbuthnot, Esq.
Principal Cicvhs — J. Shelley, Esq.,
TV. H. Stephenson, Esq., TV. G.
Anderson, Esq., TV. Seton, Esq
Private Secretaries to First Lord. — 0. G.
Barrington, Eso., Hon. E. Ashley.
Solicitor — H. R. Reynolds, Esq.
EXCHEQUER.
Chancellor— Rt.Hon. TV. E. Gladstone.
Comptroller — Lord Monteagle.
Assistant —Right Hon. Sir E. Ryan.
Chief Clerk —F. F. Ottey, Esq.
Private Secretary to Chancellor —C.
L. Ryan, Esq.
PRIVY COUNCIL OFFICE.
Lord President— Earl Granville, K.G.
Clerk of Council —Arthur Helps, Esq.
Chief Clerk — C. A. Hamilton, Esq.
Registrar —H. Reeve, Esq.
Private Secretaries to Lord, President —
LordF. Cavendish, G. TV. Randolph,
Esq.
COMMITTEE OF COUNCIL ON
EDUCATION.
President —Earl Granville.
Vice-President —Right Hon. Robert
Lowe.
Secretary— R. R. TV. Lingeu, Esq.
Assistant- Secretaries — J. Sykes, Esq.,
F. R. Sandford, Esq.
SCIENCE AND ART DEPARTMENT.
Secretary and Superintendent —H.
Cole, Esq., C.B.
Assistant Secretary —N. M‘Leod, Esq.
LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN’S
OFFICE.
Lord Great Chamberlain —Lord Wil¬
loughby D’Ercsby.
Deputy — Sir A. C. Clifford.
CROWN OFFICE.
Clerk of Crown —C. Romilly., Esq.
Chief Clerk —J. R. Naylor, Esq.
PRIVY SEAL OFFICE.
Lord Privy Seal —Duke of Argyll.
Chief Clerk —TV. Goodwin, Esq.
Private Secretary— TV. Campbell, Esq.
WAR OFFICE.
Secretary of State —Right Hon. S.
Herbert.
Under Secretaries — Earl Dc Grey and
Ripon, Sir B. Hawes.
Assistant Under Secretary — J. R. God-
Icy, Esq.
Secretary for Military Correspondence —
SirE. Lugard, K.C.B.
Chief Clerk— II. R. Drewry, Esq.
Assistant Clerk — K. Bacon, Esq.
Private Secretary —J. M. Maynard, Esq.
Private Secretary to Sir B. Hawes —
J. TV. Cooper, Esq.
Private Secretary to Earl Dc Grey and
Ripon— B. M. Seton, Esq.
Inspector-General of Forts —Sir J. Bur-
goyne, Bart., G.C.B.
Deputy —Lieut.-Col. H. C. C.0 wen , C. B.
Assistants — Major Jervois, R.E., Capt.
Belfield, R.E., Capt. D. Galton, R.E.
Superintendent of Pensioners— Col. Sir
A. M. Tulloeh, K.C.B.
Assistant — Col. J. Crofton.
Chief Commissioner— J. W. Smith,
Esq., C.B.
Director-General oj Army Medical
Department — Dr. J. Gibson.
Chaplain-General —Rev. C. 11. Gleig.
Director of Stores, <Lx.— -Capt. Caffin,
R.N., C.B.
Assistant —D. Ramsay, Esq.
Director of Contracts — T. Howell, Esq.
Accountant-General —R. C. Kirby, Esq.
Assistant Accountant-General — TV.
Brown, Esq.
Solicitor— C. M. Clode, Esq.
IRISH OFFICE.
Chief Secretary—Rt. Hon. E. Cardwell.
Private Secretary—T. H. Burke, Esq.
■ Clerk— R. M. Bland, Esq.
3ES AND OFFICERS.
HOME OFFICE
Secretary of State —Right Hon. Sir G.
C. Lewis.
Under Secretaries —Geo. Clive, Esq.,
II. TVaddington, Esq.
Chief Clerk— il. J. Knyvett, Esq.
Private Secretary —M. Drummond,
Esq.
Librarian— J. F. Kitching, Esq.
FOREIGN OFFICE.
Secretary of State —Lord John Russell.
Under Secretaries —Lord Wodehouse,
E. Hammond, Esq.
Chief Clerk—G. L. Conyngham, Esq.
Private Secretary —Hon. G. F. S.
Elliot.
Assistant Secretary — Ja«. Murray, Esq.
Librarian —E. Herslet, Esq.
COLONIAL OFFICE.
Secretary of State —Duke of Ne wcastle.
Under Secretaries —C. S. Fortescue,
Esq., Sir F. L. Rogers.
Assistant Secretary —T. F. Elliott, Esq.
Chief Clerk —G. Gardiner, Esq.
Private Secretary —G. D. Engleliart,
Esq.
Registrar —W. A. Nunes, Esq.
Librarian —W. Halksworth, Esq.
INDIA OFFICE.
Secretary of State — Sir C. Wood.
Undersecretaries— T. G. Baring, Esq.,
Sir G. Clerk.
Assistant Secretary — J. C. Melvill, Esq.
Vice-President— Sir F. Currie.
COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF’S
OFFICE.
General- Commanding-i n-Chief — Duke
of Cambridge, K.G.
Military Secretary —Lieut.-General Sir
C. Yorke, K.C.B.
Private Secretary —Lieut.-Col. Hon.
J. Macdonald, C.B.
ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S OFFICE.
Adjutant-General —Major-General Sir
J. G. Scarlett, K.C.B.
Deputies —Major-Gen. TV. F. Forster,
K. H., Colonel Sir T. Troubridge.
Assistant Deputy —Colonel J. R. Pipon.
Chief Clerk—R. Houndlc, Esq.
QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL’S
OFFICE.
Quartermaster-General — Major-Gen.
Sir R. Airey, K.C.B.
Deputy —Col. Hon. A. Gordon, C.B.
Assistant Deputy —Colonel T. O’Brien.
Confidential Clerk — J. O’Neil, Esq.
PAYMASTER-GENERAL’S
OFFICE.
Paymaster-General — Right Hon. W.
Hufct.
Assistant Paymaster-General —M. H.
Foster, Esq.
Chief Clerk —P. Godfrey, Esq.
ADMIRALTY.
Loi'ds Commissioners —Duke of Somer¬
set, Vice-Admiral Sir It. S. Dundas,
K.C.B., Rear-Admiral Hon. F. T.
Pelham, C.B., Capt. Chas. Eden,
C.B., Capt. Chas. Frederick, S.
Whitbread, Esq.
Secretaries —Lord Clarence Paget, TV.
G. Romaine, Esq., C.B.
Accountant-General — Sir R. M.
Bromley, K.C.B.
Comptroller —Sir B. W. Walker, Bart.,
K C.B.
Storckcepei'-Gcneral —Hon. R. Dundas.
Chief Clerk —C. H. Pennell, Esq.
Private Secixlary —Capt. J. Moore.
ROYAL MARINE OFFICE.
Deputy Adjutant-General —Maj or-G en.
S. R. Wesley.
Assistant Adjutant-General — Lieut.-
Col. G. C. Langley.
BOARD OF TRADE.
President —Rt. Hon. T. Milner Gibbon.
Vice-President —Right Hon. TV. Hutt.
Secretaries —James Booth, Esq., Sir
J. Emerson Teunont.
Registrar —E. A. Bowring, Esq.
Private Secretary to President — H. G.
Calcraft, Esq.
Private Secretary to Vice-President —
W. W. E. Tennent, Esq.
Assistant Secretary to Marine Depart¬
ment —T. IT. Farrer, Esq.
Accountant —H. It. Williams, Esq.
Legal Assistant — TV. D. Fane, Esq.
STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT.
Director — A. Fonblanque, Esq.
Assistant — R. Valpy, Esq.
WOODS AND FORESTS.
Commissioners —Hon. C. A. Gore,
Hon. J. K. Howard.
Principal Clerks —R. Rotton, Esq.,
J. F. Redgrave, Esq.
Solicitor— H. Watson, Esq.
WORKS, PARKS, AND
BUILDINGS.
Chief Commissioner —Right Hon. W.
F. Cowper.
Secretary —A. Austin, Esq.
Assistant Secretary —G. Russell, Esq.
Private Secretary —J. B. Carter, Esq.
Solicitor —J. Gardiner, Esq.
DUCHY OF CORNWALL.
Lord Warden —H.R.H. the Prince
Consort.
Chancellor —Lord Kingsdown.
Secretary —J. R. Gardiner, Esq.
POST OFFICE.
Postmaster-General —Lord Stanley of
Alderley.
Secretary —Sir Rowland Hill.
Assistant Secretaries — J. Tilly, F.
Hill, Esqrs.
Private Secretary —0. T. Barlow, Esq.
CUSTOM HOUSE.
Chairman— Right Hon. Sir T. F.
Fremantle, Bart.
Dep'iUy —F. Goulburn, Esq.
Secretary —TV. Maclean, Esq.
Assistant Secretary —F. G. Gardner,
Esq.
INLAND REVENUE OFFICE.
Chaiimian —C. Prossly, Esq.
Deputy —C. J. Herries, Esq.
Secretary —T. Keogh, Esq.
Assistant Secretaries —T. Dobson, Esq.,
T. Sargent, Esq.
AUDIT OFFICE.
Chairman —Edward Romilly, Esq.
Secretary—G. Macaulay, Esq.
POOR-LAW BOARD.
President —Right Hon. C. P. Villiers.
Secretaries —Chas. Gilpin, Esq., H
Fleming, Esq.
Assistant Secretaries —TV. G. Lumley,
Esq., F. Fletcher, Esq.
CROWN LAW OFFICERS.
Attorney-General— Sir R Bothell.
Solicit or-General —Sir TV. Atherton.
Queen's Advocate —Sir J. D. Harding.
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION.
Commissioners —Right Hon. Sir E.
Ryan, Sir J. G. S. Lefevre, K.C.B.
Secretary—J. G. Maitland, Esq.
Registrar —H. Mann, Esq.
COPYHOLD, &c., COMMISSION.
Commissioners —Wm. Blamire, Esq.,
G. Darby, Esq., H. C. Mules, Esq.
CHARITY COMMISSION.
Unpaid Commissioner —Right Hon.
R. Lowe.
Chief Commissioner —P. Eric, Esq.
Secretary —H. M. Vane, Esq.
ESTATES COMMISSION.
Ecclesiastical Commissioners — The
Archbishops, Bishops, <fec.
Church Estates Commissioners —Earl of
Chichester, Rt Hon.E.P.Bouvcirie,
TV. Deedes, Esq.
Secretary —J. J. Chalk, Esq.
EMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Commissioners —T. W. C. Murdoch,
Esq., Sir F. L. Rogers.
Secretary —S. Walcott, Esq.
ROYAL MINT.
Master —T. Graham, Esq.
Deputy and Comptroller —W. H. Bar¬
ton, Esq.
Registrar and Accountant —R. F.
Sufi, Esq.
NATIONAL DEBT OFFICE.
Comptroller-General —Sir A. Y. Spear¬
man, Bart.
Deputy Comptroller - General — J.
Higham, Esq.
PUBLIC WORKS LOAN OFFICE.
Chairman —J. G. Hubbard, Esq.
Deputy— Sir A. Y. Spearman, Bart.
Secretary —TV. W. TYillink, Esq.
TRINITY HOUSE.
Master —H.R.H. the Prince Consort-.
Deputy —Rear-Admiral R. Gordon.
Secretary —P. H. Berthon, Esq.
HERALDS’ COLLEGE.
Earl Marshal —Duke of Norfolk.
Registrar — R. Lawrie, Esq.
Secretary —E. S. Dendy, Esq.
JUDGE ADVOCATE-GENERAL’S
OFFICE.
Judge - Advocate-General — Right Hon.
T. E. Headlam.
Deputy— S. C. Denison, Esq.
Chief Clerk— J ohn Scollick, Esq.
GENERAL REGISTER OFFICE.
Rcgisl rar-Gcneral — Geo. Graham , Esc j.
Chief Clerk —Thomas Mann, Esq.
PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE.
Keeper —Sir J. Romilly.
Deputy — Sir F. Palgrave, K.H.
Secretary—C. Roberts, Esq.
STATE PAPER OFFICE.
Deputy Keeper — C. Leclimere, Esq.
First Clerk —R-. Lemon, Esq.
CHANCERY.
Lord High Chancellor —Ld. Campbell.
Chief Secretary— H. R.V. Johnson, Esq.
Secretary of Presentations — P. H.
Pepys, Esq.
Secretary of Commissions of Peace —N.
J. Senior, Esq.
Registrar in Lunacy —C. N. Wilde, Esq.
Master of the Rolls — Sir J. Romilly.
Chief Secretary —TV. G. Brett, Esq.
Under Secretary — A. Cox, Esq.
Accountant-General — TV. Russell, Esq.
Lords Justices of Appeal —Sir James
L. K. Bruce, Sir George J. Turner.
Secretaries —E. R. Turner, Esq., and
L. K. Bruce, Esq.
Vice- Chancellors —Sir R. T. Kinderslcy,
Sir John Stuart, SirWm. Page Wood.
QUEEN’S BENCH.
Lord Chief Justice — Sir A. J. E. Cock-
burn, Bart.
Judges — Sir William Wightman, Sir
Charles Crompton, Sir Hugh Hill,
Sir Colin Blackburn.
COMMON PLEAS.
Lord Chief Justice —Sir TVm. Erie.
Judges —Sir Ed. V. Williams, Sir
James S. Willcs, Sir J. B. Byles,
Sir H. S. Keating.
EXCHEQUER.
Lord Chief Baron — Sir F. Pollock.
Barons — Sir Samuel Martin, Sir G. TV.
Bramwell, Sir TV. F. Cliannell, Sir
J. P. Wilde.
DUCHY OF LANCASTER.
Chancellor —Sir G. Grey, Bart.
Vice-Chancellor —W. M. James, Esq.
Attorney-General —T. F. Ellis, Esq.
Receiver-General — Lieut.-Gen. C. G.
Fox.
Registrar —F. D. Danvers, Esq.
ADMIRALTY COURT.
Judge — Right Hon. S. Lushington,
D.C.L.
Queen's Advocate — Sir J. D. Harding,
D.C.L.
Advocate-General —R. J. Pliillimorc,
Esq., D.C.L.
Judge Advocate— R. P. Collier, Esq.
Registrar — H. C. Rotliery, Esq.
COURT OF ARCHES.
Principal — Right Hon. S. Lushington,
D.C.L.
Registrar— J. Shepherd, Esq.
COURT OF PROBATE AND COURT
OF MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.
Judge Ordinary —Sir C. Cresswell.
Registrars —A. F. Bayford, Esq., C. J.
Middleton ,Esq., E. F. Jenner, Esq.,
H. L. Strong, Esq.
VICAR-GENERAL’S OFFICE.
Vicar-General —Travers Twiss, Esq.,
D.C.L.
Registrar —F. H. Dyke, Esq.
FACULTY OFFICE.
Master — The Right Hon. Stephen
Lushington, D..C.L.
Registrar —Hon. J. Manners Sutton.
Deputy Registrar —E. C. Currey, Esq.
BANKRUCTCY COURT.
Commissioners— J. Evans, Esq., J.
S. M. Fonblanque, Esq.. R. G. C.
Fane, Esq., K Holryd, Esq., Ecr- ,
jeant E. Goulburn.
Chief Registrar —W. II. Whitehead, Esq. J
INSOLVENT DEBTORS’ COURT. 1
Commissioners — TV. J. Law, Esq., i
W. Nic'v>)s. Esq.
Chief Clerk —C. Dance, Esq.
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REJtARKABLB EVENTS.
Rues.
Sets.
Rises.
1 Sets.
Age
1 Iiondon Biidge.
Tiiverpool Dock.
1
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New River commenced, 1608
H. ii.
7 41
a. m.
4 48
U. M.
H. M.
9 26
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21
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5 50
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I 6 13
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2 51
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3 13 1
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Princess Royal left Engl.,1858
7 40
4 49
1 14
9 52
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6 35
i 6 58
3 36
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Sexagesima
7 38
4 51
2 37
10 26
23
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7 36
4 53
3 52
11 9
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9 6
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Agatha
7 35
4 55
4 56
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25
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10 36
7 14
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7 33
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1 12
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9 17 (
7
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Treaty with Russia, 1859
7 31
4 59
6 21
2 27
27
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Battle of Kooshab, 1857
7 29
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7 28
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7 26
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2 37
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Washington born, 1732
7 24
5 6
7 38
7 19
2
3 13
1 3 29
0 7
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12
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Shrove Tuesday
7 22
5 8
7 52
8 28
3
3 45
! 3 59
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Ash Wednesday
7 20
5 10
8 5
9 36
4
4 14
4 30
1 8
1 22
14
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St. Valentine
7 18
5 11
8 19
10 45
5
4 44
| 4 58
1 36
1 50
15
F
Saturn rises 5h. 54m. p.m.
7 17
5 13
8 36,
11 54
6
5 12
5 27
2 5
2 19
16
o
CJ
Dr. Kane died, 1857
7 15
5 15
8 54'
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7
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5 57
2 35
2 51
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7 13
5 17
9 20
1 4
8
6 13|
6 31
3 9
3 29
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Luther died. 1546
7 11
5 19
9 54
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6 51
7 13
3 51
4 18
19
lb
Expl. at Lundliill Coll., 1857
7 9
5 21
10 39
3 15
10
7 40
8 13
4 51
5 34
20
W
Joseph Hume died, 1855
7 7
5 22
11 37
4 10
11
8 56
9 43
6 21
7 6
21
lb
Lord Palmerston res,, 1858
7 5
5 24
Aftern. ,
4 54
12
10 28
11 14
7 52
8 34
22
F
Trial of Lord Cochrane, 1814
7 3
5 26
2 8 i
5 28
13
11 56
—
9 9
9 36 (
23
S
Cato-street Consp. arr., 1820
7 0
5 28
3 34'
5 55114
0 31
0 58
10 0
10 23 ’i
24
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2nd S. in Lent
6 58
5 30
5 2
6 17
15
1 22
1 45
10 43
11 3
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St. Matthias
6 56
5 31
6 29
6 35 O
2 5
2 25
11 24
11 44
26,1b
Thomas Moore died, 1853
6 54
5 33
7 57;
6 53171
2 46
3 6
—
0 4
27 W
Jupiter rises 3h. 32m. p.m.
6 52
5 35
9 27;
7 11 18
3 26
3 46
0 24
0 44
28' &;
Indian Mutiny com., 1857
6 50
5 37 10 55
7 32il9|
i 4 6
4 27
n 1 5
1 25 '
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\
TURIN.—FROM “THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS/
7
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE FRUITS OF THE SEASON.
JANUARY AND FEBRUARY.
True to the character of January, let us look upon the past fruits as well
as those of the present—not merely upon those of past mouths, but of those
of past years, and centuries of years. Let us sing a song of former days
whilst we touch the strings of an appropriate accompaniment of more
modem times.
Our Artist has represented grapes among the fruits of the season, and
thanks are due to our gardeners' skill that they are so. Glass to exclude
the cold that prevails without, and to retain the heat imparted artificially
within, enables us thus to retard them and defy the seasons.
Grapes at this season are merely preserved upon the vines ; forcing them
is an achievement of comparatively modern date. No such triumph, bad
been accomplished by the Romans, though Lucullus brought cherries from
Pontus, though he paid eighty thousand pounds for his villa at Misenum,
and though, in passing from one residence to another, “he changed his
climate with the storks and the cranes.”
Although forcing the grape was unknown to the Roman gardener, yet he,
like his English successor, though less successfully, endeavoured to prolong
the enjoyment of its fruit until “the time of its ■vintage came again.”
It seems that the Romans preserved the grapes in glass vessels upon the
vines. In Martial’s Epigrams occurs an allusion to this practice, which
Fletcher thus faithfully, though not elegantly, translates :—
Who that the famed Alcinons’ garden sees
May well prefer, Entellu*, thine to Ids.
Jjrsg nipping winter pierce the purple grapes.
And on the vines smart frosts commit their rape?,
Thy vintage in a gem enclosed lies.
And the grapes covered, not hidden from our eyes.
So female shapes shine through tlieir tilany,
and pebble* in the waters numbered be
What, would not nature free to wit impart,
Since winter’s made nu autumn by thy art ?
From this passage Sir J. Banks inferred that the Romans cultivated tlio
vine in glazed buildings : but tfiat it merely alludes to the practice we have
mentioned is confirmed by the move explict narrative in Pliny’s “Natural
History.” That historian states (1. xiv. c. 1.) that in Ins time the varieties
of grapes were infinite, differing in size, colour, taste, ; some purple,
others red, and a third sort green; the white and black were common
everywhere. Some were late, others early: and, whilst some required
to be eaten as soon as ripe, others would keep for a long time in
good preservation. Some kinds had their bunches inclosod in glass
vessels whilst hanging on the vines, and meltod pitch was used to exclude
the air from entering round the stalks, and thus old grapes were preserved
upon the branches until new grapes came.
In England, even as late as 1020, Parkinson. the gardener of liis day, tells
us enough to show that the grape-vine was so aveely attended to then, oven
when grown against a wall and so far were gardener? in those days from
attempting to grow grapes to ripen in winter, that he does not even mention
such a possibility, but has a chapter in his “ Paradis us ” devoted t > the
mode of preserving them through, that season in sand The time for tlio
culture of grapes in the vinery was dawning, however, for mention is made
of glasses for the protection of plants, and of trees being grown in boxes
placed under temporary structures, and of “ some'comfort being given
them in the colder times by a stove.” Nevertheless, nearly a century elapsed
before anything like a hothouse for the culture of the vine was erected, and
the honour of being the birthplace of such a structure belongs to Belvoir
Castle, the seat of the Duke of Rutland. The description of this structure
occurs in Switzer’s “Practical Fruit Gardener,” published in 1724, which
work has a chapter devoted to the “Forcing of Grapes, «tc.” The erection
of this vinery was rather the result of accident than.of design. “About
1715 hollow sloped walls were built at Belvoir. according to the design of
Mr. N. Fasio Duilhier, then tutor to the Marquis of Tavistock, and the
ripening of the grapes was endeavoured to bo hastened by having large fires
burning behind the walls from Lady Day to Michaelmas.—(Lawrence’s •■’Fruit
Gardener’s Kalendar,” 1718, p. 22.) The walls, failing to produce the early
ripening effects desired, were next covered with glass, and this led to the
erection of the first regularly glazed forcing-house for vines in this country
of which we have any account.—(Switzer’s “ Fruit Garden,” p. 318.) It seems
extraordinary that the employment of such a structure for this purpose was
not before suggested, for we know that the forcing of cucumbers had been
practised, and greenhouses and hothouses, for preserving exotic shrubs
through our winter, had been in use half a century. E volyn mentions Loader’s
orangery in 1662, and those of the Duke of Lauderdale and Sir Henry Capel.
The last-mentioned gentleman also had a mj'rtillium The greenhouse and
hothouse in Chelsea Garden were noticed by the same author, as well as by Ray
in 1685. “What was very ingenious,” says Evelyn, ‘ • was the subterraneous
heat conveyed by meaus of a stove under the conservatory all vaulted with
brick, so that Watts, the gardener, has the doors and windows open in the
hardest frosts, excluding only the snow.” In our days “Grapes in January”
are as usual as “Ice in June,” and on Now Year’s Day black Hamburg
grapes may be purchased in Covent garden Market at from five to soven
shillings per pound.— Johnson on the Vine.
Pears are now in season, and among them somo of our best varieties.
How marvellously has this fruit been multiplied in the number of its
varieties, as well as improved in quality »nd in rapidity of fruitfulness !
Formerly tho distich was not much of an exageration.
He who p’auls pears
Flams for his hei'3.
But now; by dint of grafting and good cultivation, both seedlings and
established trees are rendered productive in a very few' years.
In 1620, when Parkinson nourished, there were but sixty-four varieties of
pear?, but now Dr. Hogg, in liis “Fruit Manual,” enumerates more than
two hundred and eighty which are in various degrees worthy of cultivation,
but there are many hundreds more of inferior quality. Among the host
now, “melting and perfumed,” for dessert, are the Easter JBeurre. Forelle,
•I pan de Witte, Ne plus Meuris, Suzotte de Bivay, Winter Bon Chretien,
Winter Nelis, and Zepherin Gregoire. Let us jot down a few notes on some
of these. The Forelle, or Trout Pear, is so called on account of its being
dotted over with red spots like that fish, though mu.:h more abundantly : it is
believed to be a native of North Saxony, and was introduced into this
country by the late Mr. Knight about tho year 1820. Tho Winter Bon
Chretien, besides being one of the most delicious pears for which wo are
indebted to the French, has the additional interest that it is believed to be
the oldest of all the varieties at present cultivated, that it is the Crusiu-
rninum of tlio Romans described by Pliny, and that at rhe opening of tho
Christian era it received its present name.' The Winter Nelis was raised by
a gentleman of that name residing at Mechlin, and first came into repute
about the year 1818.
But we must pass on to the qu$PQ -cmiarly n. fruit of
these months, and we never know a palate that was not applausive of a
spoonful of this fruit’s marmalade mingled with the sliced fruit of an
apple-tart. It ih probable that the quince was the Golden Apple fabled as
growing in the Gardens of Hesneridos, for at IJomo a statue of Hercules
was exhumed holding in. his band three quincog, which coincides with tho
narrative that that heathen deity robbed those gardens <»f their t-olden fruit.
Coinciding with the fable is the fact that a variety of this fruit was called
by the Romans Chrysomela, or the Golden Apple.'
Filberts aro another fruit of tho winter months, and may he preserved
plump and juicy until the time of filberts again arrives by keeping them in a
stone jar in a dark, cold cellar, and without having their husks taken off.
They aro natives of Pontus, whence they were first called Pontic nuts by
the Romans, but Pliny tells us that, being cultivated largely about Abeliina,
they soon acquired a name from thence, and to this may be traced the
French name for this fruit, Avelino. The English name of Filbert is believed
to be derived from tho shaggy end or beard of the husk, Filberds (full-
benrds) was the earliest mode of spelling the name of this nut.
Capsicum, or Guinea Pepper, is the last seasonable fruit for the mention
of which we have space at command. It was only just Introduced into
England when old Gerarrle, the herbalist, wrote in 150 * He says, “These
plants aro brought from foreign countries, as Ginnio,.India, and thoso parts,
into Spain and Italy, from whence we have received seed for our English
gardens, where they come to fruit-bearing : but the cod doth not come to
that bright red colour which naturally it is possessed with, which hath hap¬
pened by reason of these unkindly yceres that are passed, but we expect
batter when God shall s.-ad us a hot and temperate ye-re. It, is verie well
knowne in the shops a' Billingsgate by the name of Giimie Pepper, where
it is usually to bo bought ” Times and commercial localities have changed
since Gerarde’s era. Then “Ginnie Pepper” pods were brought by the
French boats to Billingsgate and sold to the retailers of simples; but now
wo find them in Covent garden Market, for our gardens yield it annually,
■whether the “yeere” be iuelemeut or “ hot and temperate. ”
In connection with tho fruits of this season we may record that there is
a custom in some counties, on New-Year’s. Eve, of wassailing the orchai’ds,
alluded to by Herrick, and not forgotten in Sussex, Devon, and elsewhere.
A troop of boys visit rhe different orchards, and, encircling the apple-trees,
they repeat the following words : —
Stand faM root, bear we 1 ! tip,
. Pray Gut? *end us a. good bowline crop
Every twig, apples
. Every bough, apple* enow.
Hats full, vans full.
Full quarter sa ks full.
They then shout in chorus, one of the boy’s accompanying them on the
cow’s-liom. .During this ceremony they ran the treco with their sticks.
An orange, stuck with cloves, appears to have been a new-year's gift.
So, Ben Jonson, in his Christmas Masque: — “He has an orange and rose¬
mary, but not a clove to stick in it.” A gilt nutmeg is mentioned in the
same piece, and on the same occasion. The use, however, of the orange
stuck with cloves may be ascertained from the “ Second Booke of Notable
Thinges,” by Thomas Lupton ; —“Wyne wyll be pleasant in taste and
savour, if an orange or a lymon (stickt round about with cloaves) be hanged
within the vessel that it touch not the wyne : and so tire -wyne wyll be pre¬
served from foys-tiness and evyll savour.”
In the South Hams of Devonshire, or* the eve of the Epiphany (Twelft,
Day), tho farmer, attended by his workmen, with a lan»e pitcher of cider
goes to the orchard, and there, encircling one of the best-bearing trees, they
drink the following toast three several times :—
Here’s t.o thee, old apple-tree.
Whence thou mayst bud, and whence ihou may.-t blow,
And whence thou mayst bo*r ru-ples enow !
JHats full, caps full !
Bushel — Bashel-rapks full.
And in y pockets full, too : Huzza!
This done, they return to the house, the doors of which they are sure to find
bolted by the females, who, be the weather what it may, aro inexorable to
all entreaties to opqp them till tome one has guessed what is on the spit,
which is generally some nice little thing, difficult to be hit on, and is the
reward of him who first names it. The doors aro then thrown open, and
the lucky clodpole receives the titbit as his recompense. Some arc so
superstitious as to believe that if they neglect this custom the trees will
bear no apples that year.
A Nottinghamshire correspondent says, “ that when he was a schoolboy
the practice on Christmas Eve was to roast apples on a string till they dropt
into a largo bowl of spiced ale, which is the whole composition of lamb's -
icoot .” It is probable that from the softness or ibis popular beverage it has
gotten the above name. See Shakspeare's “Midsummer Night’s Dream” :—
8oT>etlmes lurk I in a gossip's howl.
In very likem-s of a rousted crab ;
And when she drinks, agaiust her lips I boh,
And on her wither’d dewlap pour the ale.
' On Candlemas Day (February 2) our ancestors were sedulous in removing
1 from their rooms the relics of Christmas fruits. Thus Herrick says
Down with the roremary, and so
Down with the baies and miteltoe :
Down with the holly, ivie, all
Wherewith y~* deck rbo Chrirtmas hill
So that the superstitious find
Not one least branch there left beblud,
For look, linw many leaves rliore be
Neglected there (maid- t.ru-1 to me)
So many goblins you (hall see.— Brand s “ Popular ■ 'rr-fonts."
The following very old proverb tolls how anxious were our ancestors for
rainy weather at this season:—
The hind had as lief see
His wife on a bier
As that Candlemas Day
Be pleasant and clear
s
JANUARY AMD
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK POE. 1861.
THE CALENDAR.
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF THE CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR
OF OUR LORD 1861.
Golden Number .
Epact.
Solar Cycle.
Roman Jndiction.
Dominical Letter.
Scptuagesima .
Ash Wednesday .
Easter Sunday .
Ascension Day .
Pentecost-Whit Sunday.
1 st Sunday in Advent .
The year 1861 is the latter part of the 5621st and the beginning of the
5622nd year since the creation of the world, according to the Jews. The
year 5622 begins on Sept. 5, 1861.
The year 1861 answers to the 6574th year of the Julian Period, to the
2614th year from the foundation of Rome, to the 2637th year of the
Olympiads, and to the2608th year since the Era of Nabonassar. It answers
to the year 7369-70 of the Byzantine Era.
The year 1278 of the Mohammedan Era commences on July 9,1861, and
Ramadan (month of abstinence observed by the Turks) commences on
March 13,1861.
Gregorian, or
New Calendar.
19
NVill
22
4
V
Jan. 27
Feb. 13
March 31
May 9
May 19
Dec. l
Julian, or
Old Calendar.
19
XXX
22
4
A
Feb. 19
March 8
April 23
June i
June 11
Dec 3
CALENDAR OF THE JEWS FOR THE YEAR 1801.
I860.
Tebeth
1
December 14
”
10
5 1861.
23
Sehebat
1
January
12
Adar
1
February ll
„
ll
21
,,
14
' f
24
,,
15
March
25
Nisan
1
12
„
15
26
,,
16
27
,,
21
April
1
22
2
Ijar
1
ll
Sivan
18
May
28
1
10
,,
6
15
Thamuz
7
16
1
June
9
„
17
July
25
Ab
1
8
Elul
9
August
16
1
7
5622.
Tischri
1
September 5
,,
2
,,
6
„
4
8
,,
10
14
,,
15
19
„
16
20
,,
21
25
,,
22 |
26
Marsch
23 •
27
1 |
October
5
Kislev
1
November 4
Tebeth
25
28
1
December 4
91
10
1862.
13
Sehebat
1
January
2
NEW MOONS AND PEASTS.
Fa 3 t: Siege of Jerusalem
Fast: Esther
Purim
Schuschan Purim
Passover begins*
Second Feast*
Seventh Feast*
Eighth Feast*
Lag Eo’mer
Feast of Weeks* •
Second Feast*
Fast: Seizure of the Temple
Fast: Burning of the Temple*
New Year's Feast*
Second Feast*
Fast: Death of Gedaliah
Fast: Day of Atonement*
Feast of the Tabernacles*
Second Feast*
Feast of Palms
End of Feast of Tabernacles*
Feast of the Law*
Feast of the Dedication of the Temple
Fast: Siege of J erusalem
Those marked with an asterisk arc strictly observed.
BEGINNING OF THE SEASONS, 1861.
Sun enters Capricornus ana Winter begins i 860 , Dec. 21 l si r.M.
„ „ Aries Spring begins 1861, Mar. 20 2 is p.m.
„ „ Cancer Summer begins „ June 21 11 t 35 a.m.
„ „ Libra Autumn begins „ Sept. 23 J 43 a.m.
„ „ Capricornus Winter begins „ Dec. 21 7 35 p.m.
The Sun will consequently be in the Winter signs 89 0 57
>» »* »> » Spring signs 92 20 47
” •> •» » Summer signs 93 14 13
>» »> 11 „ Autumn signs 89 17 47
The Summer is therefore 4 days 13 hours and 16 minutes longer than the
" inter; 3 days 20 hours and 26 minutes longer than the Autumn; and
17 hours and 26 minutes longer than the Spring.
The Sun will be on the) tJ®* 1, * • ••
Equator and going North j - 48 p.m., his dechn. being 0 0 0
Tlie Sun will reach his ) T
greatest North declination ] June 21 11 35 a.m., his declin. being23 27 29
The Sun will be on the 1 a . „
Equator and going South ) &epr * 2o 1 43 A.M., his declin. being 0 0 0
The Sun will reach hi 3 ) ^
greatest South declination ) Dec ‘ 21 7 35 his declin. being 23 27 27
andXmme^m dayTu hoar? E<1Uat ° r < com P risiD S the P' riods of s P rin »
Peri0d8 ° f AutUmn
Year.
1277.
1278.
MOHAMMEDAN CALENDAR FOR THE YEAR 1861.
Name of the Months. Month begins.
D8chemadi el-awwel I. .. . November 15, 1S60
Dschemadl el-accher I . December 15, ,,
Redscheb I . January 13, 1861
Schaban I . February 12, „
Ramadan I . March 13, „
Schewwul I. April 12, „
Dsff 1-kade I. . May 11, „
DsiVl-hedsche I . June 10 , „
Moharrera I.July 9, „
Safar I.- . August 8, „
Rebi el-awwel I. September 6, „
Rebi el-accher I .October 6, „
Dschemadl el-awwel I . November 4, „
Dschemadi el-accher 1 . .0 December 4,
Redscheb .. .. .Jauuary 2, 1862
LAW TERMS.
As settled by Statutes 11 Geo. IV., and 1 Will. IV., cap. 70, s. 6 (passed
July 23, 1330) ; 1 Will. IV., cap. 3. s. 2 (passed December 23, 1830).
Hilary Term .. Begins January 11 Ends January 31
‘ " 15
Easter Term ..
Trinity Term ••
Michaelmas Terra
April
May
November
May 8
June 12
November 25
UNIVERSITY TERMS, 1861.
OXFORD.
TERM.
BEGINS.
ends.
Lent ..
Easter
Trin it v
Michaelmas .*
- '•
January 14
April 10
May 22
October 10
March 23
May 18
Juiy 6
December 17
!
The Act, July 2.
CAMBRIDGE.
TERM.
BEGINS.
divides.
ENDS.
Lent
Easter ..
Michaelmas .. 1
1
Jan. 13
April 5
1 Oct. 1
Feb. 15, Midnight March 22
May 13, 1 June 21
Nov. 8, Noon Dec. 16
The Commencement, June 18.
ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
& The Sun
& New Moon
J) First Quart, of Moon
O Full Moon
'l Last Quart, of Moon
^ Mercury
$ Venus
S or 6 The Earth
o Mars
Ceres
\ Pallas
£ Juno
£ Vesta
5 Astrea
6 Hebe
7 Iris
8 Flora
9 Metis
10 Hygeia
11 Parthehope
12 Victoria
13 Egeri a
14 Irene
15 Eunomia
16 Psyche
17 Thetis
18 Melpomene
19 Fortuna
20 Mass ilia
21 Lutetia
22 Calliope
23 Thalia
24 Themis
25 Phocea
26 Proserpine
27 Euterpe
28 Bellona
29 Amphilrite
30 Urania
31 Euphrosyne
32 Pomona
33 Polyhymnia
34 Circe
35 Leucotliea
36 Fides
37 Atalanta
38 Leda
39 Lietitia
40 Harmonia
41 Daphne*
42 Isis
43 Ariadne
44 Nisa
45 Eugenia
46 Hestia
47 Aglaia
48 Doris
49 Pales
50 Virginia
51 Nemausa
51 Alexandra
65 Pandora
56 -
57 Mnemosyne
58 Concordia
59 -
60 -
4 Jupiter
h Saturn
fji Uranus
'i* Neptune
a Ascending Node
d Descending Node
N North
E East
5 South
W West
0 Degrees
' Minutes of Arc
" Seconds of Arc
D Days
H Hours
M Minutes of Time
S Seconds „
0 Sunday
j) Monday
o Tuesday
Wednesday
71 Thursday
9 Friday
h Saturday
tronomi-rd an identical.
52 Europa
53 Calypso
* 41 ami 56 are considered by gome
The Symbol 6 Conjunction, or having the same Longitude or Right Ascen.
» □ Quadrature, or differing 90« in Longitude or Right Ascen.
„ <? Opposition, or differing 180 W in Longitude or Right Ascen.
(For explanation of Astronomical Terms, see Almanack Jor the year 1848.)
FIXED AND MOVABLE FESTIVALS, ANNIVERSARHS, &c.
May
Epiphany.Jan. c
Septuagesima Sunday . . ,, 27
Quinquagesima—Shrove S. Feb. 10
Ash Wednesday .. .. „ 13
Quadragesima—1st Sun -) . 7
day in Lent .. .. j ” 17
St. David . Mar. 1
St. Patrick .. 17
Palm Sunday .. . . „ 24
Annunciation—Lady Day ,, 25
Good Friday .. .. ,, 29
Easter Sunday .. „ 31
Low Sunday .. .. April 7
St. George . „ 23
Rogation Sunday .. .. May 5
Ascension Day—Holy Th. „ 9
Pentecost— Whit Sunday
Birth of Queen Victoria ..
1 'rinUy Sunday ..
Corpus Cliristi
Accession of Queen Viet.
Proclamation ..
St. John Baptist— Mid-)
summer Day .. j
Birth of Prince Albert ..
St. Michael—Michaelmas)
Day . J-
Birth of Prince of Wales
St. Andrew .
l.s£ Sunday in Advent
St. Thomas
19
24
26
„ 30
J uue 20
„ 21
„ 24
Aug. 26
Sept. 29
Nov. 9
30
1
21
Dec.
Christmas Day .. .. ,,25
11
RTF.F PLFC H A SING.
u.
i>.
ANNIVERSARIES, FESTIVALS,
8C
N. |
■"« 8
HIGH Wi
VTKR AT
M.
w.
REMARKABLE EVENTS.
Rises.
Sets.
Rises, i
Bets.
Atre
London Bridce.
Liverpool D"ck . 1 1 IJfl
cu 7 -j • j Victoria Cross
or. David h, 8 t., i 857
11. M.
11. M.
.Moru.
Morn.
Mom.
Aftem.
Morn.
Aftem. 7 /
1
F
6 48
5 381
—
7
56
20
4 47
5
7
1 54
2
2
S
/Sfc.
6 46
5 40
0 22
8 26
21
5 27
5
48
2 26
2 48.V
3
S
3rd Sund. in Lent;
6 43
5 42
1 42
9
8
<r
6 10
6
33
3 11
3 38 {'f
4
M
Mare sets llh. 6m. p.m.
6 41
5 44
2 51
10
1
23
7 0
7
28
4 6
4 40 Sr|
5
Tu
Coveut-garden Theatre de¬
stroyed by Fire, 1856
6 39
5 45
3 43
11
6
24
8 2
8
47
5 25
6 14 if
6
W
St. Paul's rebuilt, 1710
6 37
5 47
4 22
Aftem.
25
9 36
10
24
7 2
7 50! i
7
Th
Perpetua
6 35
5 49
4 52
1 31
26
11 12
11
53
8 31
9 5)|
8
F
Great Volunteer Mov., I860 ;
6 32
5 51
5 14
2 45
27
—
0
27
9 31
9 54l|
9
S
Jupiter rises 2h. 45m. p.m.
16 30
5 52
5 31
3 57
28
0 53
1
16
10 15
10 35 fc
10
s
4th Sund. in Lent
6 28
5 54
5 46
5
7
29
1 37
1
57
10 52
11 9
11
M
Saturn rise* 4h. 10m. p.m.
6 26
5 56
6 0
6 16
•
2 14
2
31
11 24
11 39 |
12
Tu
St. Gregory
6 23
5 57
6 13
7
24
1
2 46
3
1
11 52
- ^
13
W
Talfourd died, 1854
6 21
5 59
6 28
8 32
2
3 14
3
29
0 7
0 22 rs
14
Th
Reform Bill carried, 1838
6 19
6 1
6 43
9 41
3
3 44
3
58
0 36
0 50 H
15
F
Venus rises 5h. 57m. a.m.
6 17
6 3
7 0
10
51
4
4 12
4
27
1 5
1 19/5
16
S
London Bridge com., 1824
6 14
6 4
7 24
11 57
5
4 41
4
55
1 33
1 48 1
17
s
5th Sund. in Lent
6 12
6 6
7 55
Mom.
6
5 10
5
26
2 4
2 21 |
18
M
Princess Louisa born, 848
6 10
6 8
8 34
1
2
7
5 43
6
2
2 40
3 1 I
19
Tu
Capture of Lucknow, 1858
6 8
6 9
9 27
1
58
J
6 23
6
45
3 23
3 47, I
!20
W
Jupiter rises lh. 58m. p.m.
6 5
6 11
10 31
2
45
9
7 9
7
39
4 17
5 0 1 1
21
Th
Benedict
6 3
6 13
11 44
3
23
10
8 22
9
9
5 47
G 32^
22
F
6 1
6 14
Aftem.
3
52
11
9 54
10
40
7 18
8 on
. 23
S
Duke of Parma aisass., 1854
5 58
6 16
2 27
4
18
12
11 22
11
57
8 35
9 5 |
24
s
Palm Sunday
5 56
6 18
3 55
4
37
13
—
0
27
9 30
9 52If
25
M
Annunciation
5 54
6 19
5 22
4
56
14
0 52
1
14
10 14
10 35 j 1
26
Tu
Duke of Cambridge b., 1819
5 52
6 21
6 51
5
14
O
1 36
1
57
10 55
11 15 J
27
W
Peace of Amiens, 1801
5 49
6 23
8 22
5
34
16
2 17
2
37
11 36
11 58 |
28
Th
Maundy Thursday
5 47
6 24
9 54
5
57
17
2 58
3
20
—
0 19
29
F
Good Friday
5 45
6 26 11 20
6
27
18
3 41
4
1
0 39
1
30
S
5 42
6 28
■ Morn.
7
4
19
4 23
4
45
1 23
1 46 1
31
s
Easter Sunday
5 40
G 29
1 0 36
I 7
54
20
5 8
5
31
2 9
2 33 U
V,\
anc
ms
?&\
NIAGARA FALLS VILLAGE.—FROM THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
ACTS OF PARLIAMENT PASSED IN 18G0,
IN THE 23rd and 24th years of the f.eign of queen victoria.
> ** The dale at the end of each paragraph denotes the exact dag of the month on
which the act teas passed.
1. An act to render valid certain marriages in tho cliapol of St. Mary, in
Rydal, in the county of Westmorland. March 12
2. An act to apply the sum of £407,049 out of the Consolidated Fund to
tho service of the year ending March 31, 1SG0. March 12.
3. An act to apply the sum of £5,000,000 out of the Consolidated Fund to
the service of the year 1S60. March 23.
4. An act to enable the Commissioners of her Majesty's Treasury to
defray one moiety of the expense of tho annual revision of tho valuation of
rateable property in Ireland out of tho Consolidated Fund. March 23.
5. An act to regulate probate and administration with respect to certain
Indian Government securities; to repeal certain stamp duties; and to
extend the operation of the act of the 22 and 23 Vic., c. 38, to Indian Bonds.
March 23.
6. An act to transfer to the Postmaster-General securities entered into
with the Commissioners of the Admiralty in relation to the packet servico.
March 23.
7. An act to amend tho medical acts. March 23.
S. An act to amend the law relating to the unlawful administering of
poison. March 23, 1S60. By this act any person administering poison or any
noxious thing with intent to ondanger life, or inflict grievous bodily harm,
shall be guilty of felony, punishable by penal servitude of from ten ito three
years, or to imprisonment for not more than three years, with or without
hard labour. And any person administering any poison or noxious thing
with intent to injure, aggrieve, or annoy, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour
punishable by imprisonment not exceeding three years, with or without
hard labour.
9. An act (the usual annual one) for punishing mutiny and desertion,
and for the better payment of the army and their quarters. March 31.
10. An act (the usual annual one) for tho regulation of her Majesty’s
Royal Marine force while on shore. March 31.
11. An act to amend tho law relating to endowed schools, which gives
power to tho trustees to admit to them children of various sects and
denominations. March 31.
12 An act to apply £850,000 out of the Consolidated Fund to the service
of the year ending March 31, 1860. March 31.
13. An act to prevent tho members of benefit societies from forfeiting
their interest therein by being enrolled in yeomanry or volunteer corps.
March 31.
14. An act for granting to her Majesty duties increased to lOd. and 5d. in
England, 3^d. in Scotland and Ireland, on profits arising from property,
professions, trades, and offices. April 3.
15. An actfor granting to her Majesty certain duties of stamps. April 3.
This act makes alterations and additions as to stamps, with regard to
agreements for leases, agreements of the value of £5 or upwards, bills of
exchange, certificates of births, baptisms, marriages, deaths, or burials ;
ciuh, bank, and mine notes ; declarations, delivery orders, dock warrants,
and letters of attorney.
16. An act to make further provision concerning mortgages and other
dispositions of property belonging to municipal corporations in England
and Ireland. May 15.
17. An act to authorise the in closure of certain lands in pursuance of a
report of the Inclosure Commissioners for England and Wales. May 15.
IS. An act to amend tho acts relating to marriages in England and
Ireland by extending certain provisions in them to Quakers. May 15.
19. An act to extend the 10 and II Vic., c. 32, an act to facilitate tho
improvement of lauded property in Ireland, and the acts amending the
same, to the erecting of dwellings for tho labouring classes in Ireland.
May 15.
20. An act for raising £13,230,000 by Exchequer Bills for the service of
the year. May 15.
2L Au act to amend the act for better regulating the business of pawn¬
brokers, by which pawnbrokers may charge a halfpenny for notes describing
things pawned under ten shilling*. May 15
22. An act to amend tho laws relating to the customs. May 15.
23. An act to provide for the consideration of an ordinance which has
been laid before Parliament in a report of the Oxford University Com¬
missioners. May 25.
24. Au act to remove doubt as to the validity of certain marriages in
extra-parochial places. May 25.
25 An act to apply £9,500,000 out of tho Consolidated Fund to the service
of the year 1860. May 25.
26. An act to remove doubts as to the application of the common lodging-
houses acts to Ireland, and to amend the provisions of the same so far as
th^y relate to Ireland. May 25.
27. Au act for granting certain duties on wine licenses and refreshment-
houses, and for the licensing of shops to retail wine, and of refreshment-
houses, and allowing refreshcnent-houses and confectioners to sell wine by
retail or to bo drunk on tho premises. June 14.
28. An act to repeal the 7 Geo. 2, c 8, commonly called “Sir John
Barnard’s Act,” to prevent the practice of stockjobbing, aud to repeal tho
10 Geo. 2, c. 8, which made Sir John Barnard’s Act perpetual. June 14.
29. An act to amend tho 7 and 8 Geo. 4, c. 30, and to extend its pro¬
visions and penalties to persons damaging steam-engines in mines. June 14.
30. An act to cnablo a majority of two-thirds of tho ratepayers of any
parish or district, duly assembled, to rate their district in aid of public
approvements for general benefits within their district. J uly 3.
31. An act to repeal tho 21 and 22 Geo. 3, c. 16 (Ireland), for restraining
the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland from lending money
on mortgage. J uly 3.
32. An act to abolish the jurisdiction of tho Ecclesiastical Courts in
Ireland in cases of clefamatioD, and in England and Ireland in certain cases
of brawling. J uly 3.
33. An act to amend certain provisions in the bankrupt law of Scotland.
July 3.
34. An act to amend the law relating to petitions of right, to simplify
the proceedings, and to make provisions for the costs thereof. July 3.
35. An act further to amend the IS and 19 Vic., c. 62, an act to amend the
law for the better prevention of the sale of spirits by unlicensed persons,
and for the suppression of illicit distillation in Ireland. J uly 23.
36. Au act to authorise the appointment and approval of places for the
warehousing of goods for the security of duties of customs, j uly 23.
37. An act to Fvy an assessment in the county of Inverness to discharge
a debt on Castle Stewart aud Nairn road, in the said county. July 23.
38. Au act to further amend tho law of property, with regard to judg¬
ments and the registration of them. July 23.
39. An act for the construction of a new harbour, and the improvement
of the existing harbour, at Anstruther Easter, in the county of Fife. July 23.
40. Au act to indemnify such piersons in the United Kingdom as have
omitted to qualify themselves for offices and employments, and to extend
the time limited for these purposes respectively. July 23.
41. An act to make perpetual the 21 and 22 Vic., c. 75, an act to amend
the law relating to cheap trains, aud to restrain the exercise of certain
powers by canal companies b«ing also railway companies. July 23.
42. An act to vest the management of \be Phoenix Park in the Commis¬
sioners of Public Works in Ire-and. July 23.
43. An act for confirming a scheme of Charity Commissioners for tho
administration of Archbishop Tenison’s Charity, in the parish, of St. Martin-
in-the-Fields, in tho city of Westminster. July 23.
44. An act to confirm certain provisional orders under the Local Govern¬
ment Act (1S58) relating to the districts of Southampton, Leicester, Epsom,
Coventry, Ipswich, Farcham, Wells, Tormoham, Scarborough, Ludlow,
Banbury, Boston, Penrith, Barnsley, and Shipley ; and for other purposes
in relation thereto. July 23.
45. An act to extend the 8 and 9 Vic., c. 26, an act for presenting fishmg
for trout or other fresh-water fish by nets in the rivers and waters in Scot¬
land. July 23.
46. An act to amend and enlarge the powers and provisions of the several
act* relating to the Caledonian and Crinan Canals. July 23.
47. An act to amend the law relative to tho legal qualification of councillors
and tbo admission of burgesses in Royal burghs in Scotland. July 23.
48. An act to provide for the settlement aud discharge of the debt due to
the Commissioners of the Treasury from the harbour and docks of Leith.
July 23.
49. An act for extinguishing certain rights of way through Coleworth
Barracks, in tho borough of Portsmouth. July 23.
50. An net to abolish the annuity tax in Edinburgh and Montrose, and to
make provision in regard to the stipends of the ministers in that city and
burgh, and also to make provision J or the patronage of the church of North
Leith. July 23.
51. An act to provide for an annual return of rates, taxes, tolls, and dues
levied for local purposes in England. J uly 23.
52. An act to alter and amend tho Metropolitan Building Act (1855).
July 23.
53. An act for the limitation of actions and suits by the Duke of Coni wall
in relat ion to rcil property, ami fur authorising certain leases of possessions
of the Duchy of Cornwall. July 23.
54. An act to amend au act for abolishing certain offices on the Crown
side of the Court of Queen’s Bench, and for regulations of the Crown Office.
August 6.
55. An act to authorise the inclosure of certain hinds in pursuance of a
special report of the Inclosure Commisrionors. August 6.
56. An act to make further provisions for improvements in tho harbours
of the Isle of Man. August 6.
57. An act to authorise an extension of the time for repayment of a loan
mado by the West India Relief Commissioners to the Island of Dominica.
August 6.
58. An act to amend tbo IS and 19 Vie , c. 03, an act relative to friendly
societies. August 6.
59. Au act to extend the provisions of tbo Universities and College Estate
Act (1858); the copyhold acts; of the 3 and 4 Vic., c. 113, and of the
17 and 18 Vic., c. S4, so far as the same refers to universities and colleges.
August 6,
60. An act to amend the 5 and 6 Vic., c. 22, an act for regulating the
Quotu’s Prison. August 6.
61. An act for taking the Census of England. August 6.
62. Au act for taking the Census of Ireland. August 6
63. An act to amend the 21 aud 22 Vic., c. 49, an act to provide for the
relief of her Majesty’s subjects professing tho Jewish religion. August 6.
64. An act to make further provision for the expenses of local boards of
health and improvement commissioners acting as burial boards. August 6.
65. An act to authorise the Commissioners of the Treasury to further
regulate the postage on redirected letters of commissioners and war; ant
officers, seamen and soldiers, whilst on actual service. August 6.
66. An act to amend tho Medical Act (185S). August 6.
67. An act to continue an aot for authorising the application of highway
rate to turnpike roads. August 6.
68. An act for the better management and control of the highways in
South Wales. August 6.
69. An act to enable the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England to
apply certain funds towards the repairs of the Cathedral or Collegiate
Church of Manchester. August 6.
70. An act to confirm certain provisional orders made under Vhe 14 and
15 Vic., c. 39, an act to facilitate arrangements for the relief of turnpike
trusts. August 6.
71. An act to make provision as to stocks and dividends unclaimed in
Ireland. August 6.
72. An act to promote and facilitate the endowment and augmentation
of small benefices in Ireland. August 6.
73. An act to continue certain turnpike acts in Groat Britain, and to
extend tho provisions of tho 14 and 15 Vic., c 38. August 6.
74. An act to amend the provisions of the 3 and 4 Vie., c. 108, an act for
the regulation of municipal corporations in Ireland, with respect to the
appointment of coroners in boroughs. August 6.
75. An act to make better provisions for the custody and care of criminal
lunatics. August 6.
76. An act to amend the ID and 20 Vic., c. PS, the burial grounds (Ireland)
act (L856). August 6.
77. An act to amend the 18 and 19 Vic., c. 121 and 116, the acts for the
removal of nuisances and the prevention of diseases August 6.
78. Au act to place the employment of women, young persons, and
children in bleaching works and dyeing works under tho regulations of the
factories acts. August 6.
79. An act to provido additional accommodation for the Sheriff Courts m
Scotland. August 6. . . ,
80. An act to regulate the levying and collection of the inventory duty
payable upon heritable securities and other property in Sco tla n d . August 6.
14
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
ACTS OF PARLIAMENT — (Continued.)
81. An act to continue until the 1st of August, 1SG1, aucl the end of the
then next Session of Parliament, appointments under the 14 and 15 Vic.
c. 53, an act for consolidating the copyhold and inclosure commissions,’
and for completing proceedings under the tithe commutation acts. Augusts*
82. An act to amend the provisions of the 16 and IT Vic., c. 113, the
common law procedure (Ireland) act amendment (1853) August 6.
83. An act to explain the 18 and 19 Vic , c. 43, an act enabling infants,
with the approbation of the Court of Chancery, to make binding settlements
of their real and personal estate on marriage. August 6.
84. An act for preventing the adulteration of articles of food or drink.
August 6. By this act every person who shall sell any article of food or
drink with, which, to the knowledge of such person, any ingredient or
matorial injurious to health has been mixed, and overy person who shall
sell a3 pure or unadulterated any article of food or drink which is
adulterated or not pure, shall for every such offence, on summary con¬
viction before two justices, forfeit a penalty not exceeding £5, together
with costs; and, on conviction for a second offence, the justices may order
the offender's name, address, and offence to be published in a newspaper,
or in such manner as they may think desirable. Public analysts of food
and drink are to bo appointed in the city of London by the Commissioners
of Sewers; in the metropolis by the vestries ; and throughout England and
Ireland by the Courts of Quarter Sessions and the Town Councils.
Purchasers of articles of food and drink may have them analysed.
S5. An act to amend the 17 and IS Vic., c. 80, and the 18 and 19 Vic., c. 29,
two acts relating to the registration of births, deaths, and marriages in
Scotland. August 6.
SO. An act to make provision respecting the marriage's of British subjects
in the Ionian islands. August 6.
87. An act to remove doubts as to the authority of the senior members of
tho Council of the Governor-General of India, in the absence of the Pre¬
sident. August 13.
88 An act to extend certain provisions for Admiralty jurisdiction in the
colonies to hor Majesty's territories in India. August 13.
89. An act to extend, in certain cases the provisions of tho superannuation
act (1859). August 13.
90. An act to repeal the duties on ga mo certificates, and certificates to
deal in game, and to impose in lieu thereof duties on excise licences, and
certificates for the like purposes. August 13.
91. An act for removing doubts respecting the Craven scholarship in the
University of Oxford, aud. for enabling tho University to retain the custody
of certain testamentary* documents. August 13.
92. An act to amend tho lav/ relative to tho Scottish herring fisheries.
August 1 3
93. An act to amend and further extend tho acts for tho commutation of
tithes in England and Wales. August 13.
94. An act to amend the laws relating to the militia. August 13.
95. An act to facilitate the buildings of cottages for labourers, farm-
servants and artisans by the proprietors of entailed estates in {Scotland.
A gust 13.
96. An act to amend tho Police of Towns Improvement Act, so as to
enable towns and populous places in Scotland to avail them.-elves of its
provisions for sanitary aud other improvements, without at tho same time
adopting its provisions as regards the establishment and maintenance of a
police force. August 13.
97. An act for amending and making perpetual the railways aot, Ireland
(1851). August 13.
98. An act for takijg the census in Scotland. August 20.
99. An act to continue until the lOtli of August, 1861, the corrupt practice
prevention act. August 20.
100. An act to repeal so much of the 22 and 23 Vic., c. 27, and of certain
other acts, as authorises the Secretary of State in Council to give directions
for raising European forces for tho Indian army of her Majesty. August 20.
101. An act to continue the Poor-law Board until the 23rd of July, 1863.
August 20.
102. An act to provide for tho management of East India st ick, and of
the dobts and obligations of the Government of India, at aud by tho Bank
of England. August 20.
103. An act to apply £10,000,000 out of the Consolidated Fund to the
service of tho year 1860. August 20.
104. An act to enable the trustees of the Royal College of Sb. Patrick, at
Maynooth to make provision for certain necessary buildings and repairs.
August 20.
105. An act to provide for the management of the general prison at Perth,
and for the administration of local prisons in Scotland. August 20.
106. An act to amend the lands clauses consolidations acts (1845) in
regard to sales and compensation for land by way of a renteharge, annual
feu dutv or ground annual, and to enable the Secretary of State for War to
avail himself of the powers and provisions of those acts. August 20.
107. An act for granting to her Majesty certain duties on wine licenses
and refreshment-houses, and for regulating tho licensing of refreshment-
houses and tho granting of wine licenses in Ireland. August 28.
10S. An act to amend the Industrial Schools Act (1857). August 2S.
109. xVu act for defraying the expenses of constructing fortifications for
the protection of the Royal arsenals and dockyards and the ports of Dover
aud Portland, and of creating a central arsenal. August 28.
110. An act to consolidate the duties of cuscoms. August 2S.
111. An act for granting to her Majesty certain duties of stamps, and to
amend the laws relating to the stamp duties. August 28.
112. An act to make hotter provisions for acquiring lands for the defence
of the realm. August 28.
1 13. An act to grant duties of excise on chicory, and on licenses to dealers
in sweets or made wines; also to reduce the excise duty on hops and the
period of credit allowed for payment of the duty on malt and hops
respectively ; to repeal tho exemption from license duty of persons dealing
in foreign wine and spirits in bond; and to amend the laws relating to tho
excise. August 28.
114. An act to reduce into one act and to amend the excise regulations
relating to tho distilling, rectifying, and dealing in spirits. August 28.
115. An act to simplify and amend tho practice as to the entry of satis¬
faction of Crown debts and on judgments. August 2S
116 An act to amend the law relating to the election, duties, and pay¬
ment of county coroners August 28.
117. An act to confer powers on the Commissioners of Works to acquire
certain property in Edinburgh for the erection of an industrial museum for
Scotland. August 2S.
118. An act to confirm certain provisional orders under the Local Govern¬
ment Act (185S), relating to the districts of Nottingham, Sunderland, J
Hastings, Reading, Chatham, Dartmouth, Tunbridge Wells, Sheerness, >.
Sandgate, Wilton, Bridgnorth, and Dorchester. August 28. (
119. An act to amend the laws relating to weights and measures mj
Ireland. August 28. . „ . . * ..... .
120. An act to amend the laws relating to the ballots for the militia in
England, and to suspend the making of lists and ballots for the militia of
the United Kingdom. August 28-
121. An aot to amend the Gaud 7 Vic., c. 13, an act to enable her Majesty
to provide for the Government of her settlements on the coast of Africa and
in the Falkland Islands. August 28.
122. An act to enable the legislatures of her Majesty's possessions abroad
to make enactments similar to the enactment of the 9 George IV., cap. 31,
sec. 8. August 28.
123. An act to amend the laws relating to the government of the navy.
August 28.
121. An aot further to amend the acts relating to the Ecclesiastical Com¬
missioners, and the act concerning the management of episcopal and
caoitutar estates in England. August 28.
125. An act for better regulating the supply of gas to the metropolis.
Augttlrc 28. , .
12(i. An act for the further amendment of the process, practice, and mode
of pleading in and enlarging the jurisdiction of the superior courts of
common law at Westminster. August 28.
127. Ail act to amend tho laws relating to attorneys, solicitors, proctors,
and certificated conveyancers. August 28. 1
128. An act to enable the Lord Chancellor and Judges of the Court of i
Chancery to carry into effect the recommendations and suggestions of tho
Chancery Evidence Commissioners by general rules and orders of tho Court.
August 23.
129. All act to fcrnnfc excise duties on British spirits and on spirits
imported from the Channel Islands August 28.
130. Ah act to enable the Secretary of State in Council of India to raise
money in tho United Kingdom for the service of the Government of India.
August 28. , , , „ ,
131. An act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund and llie surplus
of Ways and Means to the service of 1860, and t<^ appropriate tho supplies
granted in this Session of Parliament. August 28.
132. An act for raising tho sum of £2,000,000 by Exchequer Bonds or
Exchequer Bills for the service of 1800. August 28.
133. An act to defray the charge »>f tho pay, clothing, and contingent and
other expenses of the disembodied militia in Great Britain ami Ireland; to
grant allowances in certain cases to subaltern officers, adjutants, pay¬
masters, quartermasters, surgeons, and surgeons mates of tho militia ; and
to authorise the employment of the non-commissioned officers. August 28.
134. An act to amend the law regarding Roman Catholic charities. Aug. 28.
135. An act for tho employment of the metropolitan police force in her
Majesty’s yards and military stations. August 28.
136. Au act to amend the law relating to the administration of endowed
charities. August 28
137. An act to make further provision with respect to monies received
from savings banks and friendly societies. August 2S.
138. An act to continue and amend the Peace Preservation (Ireland) Act
(1856). August 28.
189. An act to amend tho law concerning the making, keeping, and
carriage of gunpowder and compositions of an explorive nature, and con¬
cerning the manufacture, sale, and use of fireworks. August, 28.
140. An act for facilitating the acquisition by rifle volunteer corps of
grounds for rifle practice. August 28.
141. An act to amend the 18 and 14 Vic., c. 2, au act to restrain party
prooe. siona in Ireland. August 28.
142. An act to make better provision for tho union of contiguous benefices
in cities, towns, and boroughs. August 2S.
143. Au act to exteud certain provisions of the Titles to Land (Scotland)
Act (1858), to titles to land held by burgage tenure ; and to amend tho said
Act. August 2S.
144. An act to amend the procedure and powers of tho court for divorce
and matrimonial causes. August 28.
145. An act to givo to trustees, mortgagees, and others certain powers
now commonly inserted in settlements, mortgages, and willB. August 28.
146 An act to amend the aco for regulating measures used in sales of gas.
August 28.
147. An act to amend the 7 and 8 Vic , c. 70. August 28.
148. An act to continue the powers of tho Poor-law Commissioners in
Ireland. August 28.
149. An act to make better provision for the relief of prisoners in con¬
tempt of the High Court of Chancery, and pauper defendants ; and for tho
more efficient dispatch of business in the said court. August 28.
150. An act further to amend certain acts relating to tho temporalities
of the Church in Ireland. August 28.
151. An act for the regulation and inspection of mines. August 28.
152. An act to facilitate internal communication in Ireland by means of
tramroads or tramways. August 28.
153. An act to amend the law relating to the tenure akd improvement of
land in Ireland. August 28.
154. An act to consolidate and amend the law of landlord and tenant in
Ireland. August 28.
*** There are also 203 local and personal acta declared public acta ; nine
private acts, printed by tho Queen's printer, relating to private estates;
and one private act, not printed, naturalising the issue of the present
Viscount lvynnaird, son and heir apparent of the Countess of Newburgh.
The Session of Parliament, 1860. — The Session may justly
be styled the “ late ” Session in more senses than one, inasmuch as its
sittings wore protracted and its existence prolonged much beyond tho
usual limit's of Parliamentary seasons. Commencing at the early date of
January 24, it lasted until tho 28th of August, a period of seven months
and four days, or about a mouth in excess of the average duration of
ordinary Sessions. The House of Lords sat during the Session upon 114
occasions for an aggregate of 2S9 hours and 5 minutes, which gives an
average duration of about two hours aud 32 minutes for each sitting.
The House of Commons sat upon 145 occasions during the Session, and tho
total aggregate duration of those sittings has been 1159 hours, giving an
average of about eight hours for each sitting.
15
MOON.
anniversaries, festivals,
REMARK AISLE EVENTS.
Hit!'I WATER AT
Arp London Bridgp. Liverpool T>n<*k.
Attorn.
Aftern,
Easter Monday
Easter Tuesday
Rickard
St. Ambrose
British Museum found,, 1753
Storming of Badajoz, 1812
Low Sunday
Chatham died, 1778
Fire Insurance due
Lagrange died, 1813
Bonaparte abdicated, 1814
Greenwich Fair aboL, 1857
Catliol. Emaneip. pas3,1829
2nd S. aft. East.
Easter Term begins
Aftern.
Saturn Bets 3h. 52m. a.m.
Fight for Championship,1800 I
Halieas Corp. Act bus.. 1801 ,
Alphage
Mars sets 1 lh. Om. p m.
3rd S. aft. East,
Odessa bombarded, 1854
St. George
Defoe died, 1731
Venus rises 4h. 4Sm a m.
Ancona taken by Aust., 1859
Magellan died, 1521
4th S. aft. East.
Revolution in Florence, 1859
Statue to Jenner erect. 1858
Aftern.
GRC UP CP INI IAN FRUIT FROM THE ISLAND OF JAVA.—FROM C£ THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.’
17
THE ILLUSTRATED LOUDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE FEINTS OF THE SEASON.
MARCH AND APRIL.
Although this is the awakening time with all the plants of our gardens, it
is a time of dearth with their fruits. Among pears wo hare a few still
serviceable and lingering .from' decay, aiich as the Augelique do Bordeaux,
Easter Bergamot, Beurrd Ranee, and Chabtal, hut the gems of the genus
are passed away.
Many of the best, however, bf our apples are in perfection, and refuting
the witticism of Prince CaraeeloU, that the only ripe fruit in England are
roasted apples.
This fruit has been our queen of fruits from that period when our
authentic history commenced Weave even" fully warranted in believing
that this fruit was known arid cultivated by the Britons before the arrival
of the Romans upon our shore 2 , for in the Welsh, Cornish, Armorican, and
Trish languages and dialects it is denominated the Avail or Aball. The
fruit, therefore, had a native narcnvfrom which our present name, apple, is
evidently corrupted, and the Hieclni, inhabitants of the modem Somerset¬
shire, appear especially to have cultivated this fruit. Their chief town even
derived its name from the circumstance of its being surrounded by groves
of apples, for it was known as Aval Ionia (apple-orchard) when first visited
by the Romans. Glastonbury stands upon its ancient site.—(Richards’
Chron., xix.) The cultivation of the apple was not confined to our south¬
western districts, for there was another town, named after it Avallana, in the
north of England ; and in tlie course of the third century we have decisive
testimony that the Roman settlers had introduced fresh varieties of this
fruit, and that its cultivation had become so extended that large apple-
orchards had been made asfar northas the Shetland Islands.—(Solinus, cap.
xxv.) Traces of ancient orchards are still existing in those high northern
localities; and one in the Hebrides, belonging to the Monastery of St.
Columb, is described by lh\ Walker as having existed probably from the
sixth century.—(Essays, ii. 5.) Others are mentioned by Camden andLeland
It is quite certain 1vhat< in tho middle ages, the apple had become one of
our staple vegetable products; for, whenever the chroniclers speak of times
of dearth, apples are almost always mentioned as articles causing distress by
their scarcity; aDdih the Remembrance Office a MS. exists, in Henry VII.’s
(1485-1500) own handwriting, in which he records that on one occasion apples
were from one to two shillings each, ji red one fetching the highest price
When our agricultural and horticultural literature commences, we find
that Fitzherbert, in’ his “Book of Husbandry,” published in 1598. has
many, and in most instances gdod, directions for the culture of the apple.
They are—unlike the works of their contemporaries and immediate suc¬
cessors-the evident result of experience, and not mere translations from
the classic Gccpoiife wfiters. Thus, on grafting the apple, he says, “ Graft
that which is got of.an old apple.-tree first, for that will bud before the graft
got on a young appl'e-tree late grafted in. For all manner of apples a crab
stock is good, but the apple-tree stock much better.'’
The varieties of the apple • had now largely increased, for Dodoens,
writing in 1583, says they weruso numerous “ that it is impossible, neither
necessary, to number all the kinds.” Gerardo, writilig of this fruit in his
“ Herball,” during 1597; also , speaks of the infinite varieties of the apple,
but seems to attribute the variariou much to the soil atid climate “ Kent,”
he goes on to say. “ doth abound in apples of most sorts ; but I have seen
in the pastures and hedge-rows about the grounds of a worshipful gentle¬
man, dwelling two miles frohi Hereford, called Mr. Roger Bodnome, so
many trees of all sorts that the servants, for the most part, drink no other
drink but that which is made of the apples. The quantity is such that the
parson hath for tithe many hogsheads of syder. The hogs arc fed with the
fallings, which arc so many that they will not taste of any but the best.”
Though the varieties are s-o numerous Gorarde gives drawings of hut six,
which, we may presume, were most in favour, and were the pome-water,
baker’s-ditch, king-apple, queening or queen-apple, summer pearmain. and
winter pearmain. iieresbach, who wrote a little earlier in 1570 says,
“ The cheese in price were the pippen, the romet, the pome royal, and the
marligold.” __ ...
Sir T. ilaumer, writing about the year 1600, says,." The principle apples
were the summer pepin, Holland pepia, russet pepin, Kentish pepin. The
best supposed in England are the russeting, gilliflower, muscadine queen,
John-apple, king-apple, golden runette; the rojuil, hollow-crowned, and
common pearmaine; old wife, nonesuch, figg-apple. All these are sold at
8 d. the tree except the 6gg-apple, which is 5s.”
Such is the very limited list of our superior apples exactly two centuries
n cr o* but now we may make choice from an array of nine hundred and
dr tv-two varieties, described in a goodly volume now before us. Dr Robert
Hogg’s “ British Pomology.” Let us place before our readers what he says
of twelve of the best of the varieties, still excellent for dessert purposes
Ashrnead's Kernel. —This delightful apple was raised at Gloucester, about,
the beginning of the last century, by Dr. Ashinead. a physician eminent m
thrt city The original tree was destroyed when Clarence-street was there
constructed. It was cultivated in the Brompton Park Nursery in 1780,
where it was then introduced from Mr. Wheeler’s nursery at Gloucester.
Mr. Wheeler was author of “ The Botanist’s and Gardeners Dictionary.”
Cockle Pippin .—This excellent dessert apple is of the finest quality, and
remains excellent from January to April. Ir- is a great favourite with
London fruitists, and is cultivated extensively for their supp.y m Surrey
and Sussex. . .... .. , a .
Cornish Gilli flower. —This valuable apple was brought into nobce by Sir
—i_miirt cont ih tho boTidon Horticultural booiety u
growing in a cottager’s garden - -- , ----
flower ’’ i« very often applied to this and some other varieties of apples, but
this U only a corruption of the more correct name, gilliflower wmch is
derived from the French, girofle, signifying a clove, and hence the flower
vAvjfi- AuA the scent of that spice is called giroflier, and this has, with us,
been corrupted into gilliflower. In Chaucer’s “ Romaunt of the Rose ho
thus spells it,
There waa.e'ke vexyny many a spice.
As clowe, gylofie, and liquorice.
Turner, our oldest writer on plants, writes it gelower and gelyfioure The
name of the apple refers to its spicy flavour, and not to July, for tnat is
U %ourt U pend°a P/a/.-Thf name of this apple is derived.from court pendu,
signifying “ suspended short,” the stalk being so deficient m length that
the fruit sits, as it were, upon tho branch. The name eapendu, or eapendu*,
is mentioned by the earliest authors, but applied to different app*ca.
Daleeamp considers it the cestiana of Pliny. It is a valuable dessert apple,
its season extending from December until May.
Coes Golden Drop. —This very superior variety was introduced to notice
by Gervase Coe, of Bury St. Edmunds, who raised the golden drop plum.
In is generally believed to be a very old variety, known for many years in
Borne of tho orchards of Essex, bun was propagated and sold by Coo as a
seedling raised by himself.
Gold) n. Pippin. —One of the oldest and by far tho most highly esteemed of
our dessert litfjifles. and neither the borsdoffer of the Germans, the reinette of
the French, iior the Newtown pippin of tho Americans, will ever occupy, in
the estimation of the English, tho place now accorded to the golden pippin.
It is also an excellent cider apple. It is in season from November to April.
When and whero the golden pippin was first discovered are now matters
of uncertainty, hut all writers agree in ascribing to it an English origin,
and some have supposed that its birthplace is Parham Park, near Arundel,
in Sussex. Although not recorded at so early a period as some other
apples, yet there is no doubt that it is a very old variety. Whether because
it was but. little known, or its qualities were not duly appreciated, it is
certain that the writers of the seventeenth century were very restrictive in
their praises of the golden pippin. Evelyn certainly states that Lord
Clarendon cultivated it, but only as a Cider apple, for he says, " At Swallow-
field, Berks, there is an orchard of one thousand golden and other cider
pippins ” Switzer more justly writes of it as "the most ancient as well
as most excellent of apples Tn the Brompton Park Nursery, where tho
same golden pippin was cultivated for nearly two centuries, arm continued
from year to year by grafts taken from young trees. Dr. Hogg states that he
never saw in it the least disposition to disease, canker, or decay of any kind
hut, on the contrary, a vigorous and healthy growth.
Golden Harvey. —“ No garden which can contain ten trees should ho with¬
out one of this ” — it is one of the richest and most excellent of our dessert
apples, and will keep until May. Parkinson mentions it, probably, in 1029,
as “The Harvey apple, a fair, greatly good apple,”
Newtown Pippin.— This U an old American apple. Tts birthplace is New¬
town, on Long Island, and ir. was introduced into England about the middle
of last century. It was cultivated in the Brompton Park Nursery (now
occupied by the Horticultural Society's pew garden) so early as 17£S, under
the name of the “Newtown Pippin from New York.” Forsyth considered
that it was originally from Devonshire., hut there are no traces of it to be
found in that county. It is extensively cultivated about New York, and
all the middle of the United States, but especially on the banks of the
Hudson, where are the finest American orchards. Immense quantities
produced there are packed in barrels and exported to this country and else¬
where The month of January is generally the time of their first arrival,
and then they are the most attractive of des?crt apples in Govent Garden
Market. Many inferior varieties are sold under its assumed name.
Nonpareil (Brdddick's Ofle of the best of winter dessert apples, in use
from November to April, and considered by many more sweet and tender-
fleshed than the old nonpareil. It was raised by John Bradaick, Esq , of
Thames Ritton.
Nonpareil (Old).—' This is generally allowed to have originated in France.
Switzer, writing a century ago, says, "It is no stranger in England; though
originally, jjBfh&ts. from France, yet there are trees of the nonpareil about
the Ashtons in Oxfordshire of about one hundred years old, which (as they
have it by tradition) were first brought our, of France and planted by a
Jesuit in Queen Mary or Queen Elizabeth’s tithe.” It i* strange that this
should be the earliest notice in this country of an apple so superior in its
qualities; and still rnoro strange, that it is entirely passed over by almost
all the early Continental pomologists. Even in America, at the present day,
it is little esteemed, which, however, is only one evidence among many that
a variety characterised by maiiy excellencies in some soils and climates
loses them altogether when transplanted to other widely-differing soils and
clitnates.
Lamb Abbey Pearmain. — A dessert apple of first-rate excellence,
characterised"by great richness of flavour and its long continuance in per¬
fection. It often remains unsbriveiled at the close ot April. This variety
was raised in the year 1801, by the wife of Neil Malcolm. Esq., of Lamb
Abbey, near Hartford, in Kent, from a pip of an imported Newtown pippin.
Wyken Pippin.— A delicious dessert apple, said to have originated from a
pip saved from an apple which Lord Graven had eaten while travelling from
France to Holland. The pip was sown at Wyken, about two miles from
Coventry. The original tree, then very old, Was in existence there in 1827
Restricted as are, at this season, our native fruits ns to variety, it is
fortunate that commerce brings those of more sunny ciiines to strengthen
the supplies to accompany our " wine and tValnuts.”
Foremost among these in quantity are cocoanuts. Delicate palates and
dyspeptic stomachs have but a cold greeting for this child of the palm-
groves. but we oau plead earnestly in its behalf, tor we have partaken of
its milk fresh within the tropics, and we have eaten of its chrry. Oh ! ye
disciples of Kitchener, ye know not what is curry unless ye have partaken
of that cocoauut marvellous compound in the land of the Gauges 1
It is quite certain that, whero Hie digostive powers call conquer it, the
kernel of the cocoauut is very nutritious, for it contains 71^ per cent of
oil, aud the remainder contains much gum and sugar. This nut is
one of the most useful of the vegetable products of India. Its oil is
the feed r of tho lamps, an ingredient in all the cookeiy, and a parti >f
evu-v toilet. Tho fibre of the husk forniti Cuir ropes and matting which
beuin now lo be appreciated iu England. TOO shell U formed into various
vessels, and forms tho body of the humble natives’ smoking apparatus,
there designated a “hubble-bubble,” and which, when superseded by a crystal
vase and bedecked with gems, is more widely known as the “hookah.”
Our artist furtner intimates the deficiency of our native fruit-stores by
depicting a jar of tamarinds or of guava jelly.
The tamarinds from the East Indies are the best, but are rarely purchase-
able. They are known, if preserved whole, by having six or seven seeds in
each pod, whereas West Indian tamarind pods have but three or four seeds.
However, East Indian, or black tamarinds as they are called, are usualty in
the form of a dark roddisli-brown mass entirely devoid of seeds. The
tamarind-tree (Tamarindus indica) attains a height of more than fifty feet
The guava is produced by a tree about twenty feet high, known to
botanists as the Psidium py rife nun, or pear-bearing psidium. The fruit is
about the size of a tennis-ball, with a rind russet coloured tinged with red.
The pulp is aromatic, pleasant flavoured, and contains numerous small
white seeds. The rind, when stewed, is eaten with milk, and is preferred
by West Indians to any other stewed fruit. From the rind, also, marma¬
lade is made, but guava jelly is prepared from the whole fruit boiled in
‘ sugar.
18
V
/
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
POSTAL PECULATIONS.
LETTERS AND NEWSPAPERS.
Inland Letters. —AH inland letters should be prepaid b7 an affixed
stamp, otherwise double postage is charged. If the prepayment be in¬
sufficient, double the deficiency is charged. Letters weighing i oz. are
charged id.; more than £oz. and not exceeding 1 oz., 2d. ; and 2d. for every
additional oz. or part thereof.
Foreign and Colonial Letters, &c.— Although the prepayment of
letters sent to the following countries be not compulsory, yet, if not pre¬
paid, they are subject to the following increase of postage:—To or from
places in Turkey where France maintains post-offices there will
be charged a rate of 9d. per % oz., instead of 6d., the prepaid rate;
to France. Sardinia, and Algeria, double postage ; to Belgium (prepaid Gd.),
unpaid, if sent direct, 8d.; vid France, lOd. According to the regulations
of the German Customs Union, no letter exceeding fifty grammes (a little
more than l^oz.) in weight, and containing any other inclosure in paper,
can be allowed to circulate by the post.
Newspapers and Periodicals published at intervals not exceeding
thirty days, and bearing an impressed newspaper stamp, may be trans¬
mitted and retransmitted through the Post Office to all parts of the United
Kingdom under the following regulations Tf readdressed, the previous
address must be cut ofr (obliteration is not sufficient). Inattention to this
will cause the publication im be dealt with as an unpaid letter. They must
be posted within fifteen days from the date of issue, and folded so that the
whole stamp or stamps are exposed to view, otherwise a postage of id. is
charged in addil ion. There must be no inelosure, nor any mark or writing
thereon except the address.
Newspapers Sent Abroad.— As the usual impressed newspaper stamp
counts for nothing, a postage-stamp must be affixed. When newspapers
sent to British colonies have to pass through a foreign country they are
liable (in addition to a postage of Id.) to rates shown in the table of
“Compulsory Payments.” Unregistered publications, when sent to the
colonies or abroad, are treated as book packets. Newspapers by private
shins are charged id. Newspapers for India pay 2d. for every 4 oz. ; above
and not exceeding 8 oz., 3d.
BOOK POST.
Inland.—' The following are the rates of postage:—Not exceeding4oz., id.;
above 4 oz. and not exceeding 8 oz.. 2d.; above 8 oz. and not exceeding 1 lb.,
4d.—2d. being charged for every additional $ lb. or part thereof. Postage
must, be prepaid in full by means of postage-stamps affixed outside the
packet, which must be either without cover or open at the ends so as to
admit of the inclosure being removed for examination. A book packet-
may contain any number ot' seoarate books or other publications, and
printed matter of any kind, sheets of music or manuscript's . prints or maps,
or any quantity of paper, parchment, or vellum ; all legitimate binding,
mounting, or covering of a book, &c., or of a portion thereof, will be allowed,
whether it be loose or attached; as also rollers, in tbe case of prints or
maps : bookmarkers (whether paper or otherwise) in the case of books ;
and, in short, whatever is necessary for the safe transmission of literary or
artistic matter, or usually appertaining thereto; but no patterns, or books
of patterns (unless these consist merely of paper), can be allowed No
book packet, may contain any written letter closed or open, or any inclosure
sealed or otherwise closed against inspection ; nor must there be any letter,
nor any communication of the nature of a letter, written in any such packet,
or in or upon its cover. Entries, however, merely stating who sends the
book, &c.. or to whom it is given, arc not regarded as a letter. No book
packet must exceed two feet in length, width, or depth. In any case in which
these regulation a are infringed the packet will be charged unpaid-letter rate.
Colonial.— O n the same conditions as the foregoing, end at the follow¬
ing charges (except that no packet weighing more than 3lb. can be sent to
the East Indies or New South Wales), book packets can be forwarded to
any British colony. To India, Ceylon, New South Wales, Victoria,
Tasmania Wan Diemen’s Land). South Australia, Western Australia, New
Zealand, "Mauritius, and Hong-Knng, the charge is as follows4oz., 4d ;
more than 4 oz., but not exceeding 8 oz., 8cl. ; more than 8 qz , but not
exceeding lib., is. 4d , and so on ; 8d. being charged for every additional
£lb. or fraction thereof. Charges to every oiher British colony :— 4 oz.,
3d.; more than 4 oz., but not exceeding 8 oz , Gd. ; more than 8 oz , but
not exceeding l lb., is., and so on ; 6d. being charged for every additional
4 lb. or fraction thereof. Book packets to or from India and New South
Wales are limited to packages not exceeding 3 lb.
Foreig v is subject to the same regulations as the inland postage, with
the exception that no book, paper, or publication sent must contain any
writing or manuscript mark of any sort. Rates of postage (which must be
paid in advance) chargeable upon registered newspapers and other printed
papers sent to Belgium, France, Algeria, or the French offices in Turkey,
Syria, and Egypt :—For a packet of registered newspapers not exceeding
4 oz.. id ; above 4 oz. and not exceeding 8 oz., 2d. ; and then 2d. for every
additional 8 oz. or part thereof. For a packet of other printed papers not
exceeding 4 oz , 3d ; above 4 oz. and not exceeding 8 oz., Gd. : and then 6d.
for every additional 8 oz. or part thereof. Rates of postage (which must be
paid in advance) chargeable upon book packets, including newspapers and
ot-he printed papers, addressed to Sardinia, Tuscany, Parma. Modena, and
Venetian Lombardy, or other places in the Austrian dominions, when
specially addressed via Sardinia :—For a packet of registered newspapers
not exceeding 4 oz , Sardinia, 2d.; Tuscany. &e., from a port in Sardinia, 4d. ;
above 4 oz. and not exceeding 8 oz., Sardinia, 4d. ; Tuscany, &c., from a
port in Sardinia, 8d ; and so on, two rates being charged for every addi¬
tional 8 oz. or part thereof. No packet must exceed 18 inches in length,
width, or depth. For a packet of books or other printed papers not ex¬
ceeding 4 oz., Sardinia, 4d.; Tuscany, &c., Gd.; above 4 oz. and not ex¬
ceeding 8 oz., Sardinia, 8d.; Tuscany, &c , is., and so on, two rates being
charged for every additional 8 oz. or part thereof. No packets of books or
newspapers can be sent to the Austrian dominions, vid Sardinia, if it weighs
more than one pound, or exceeds 24 inches in length. As regards packets
pent through France (except to the countries in the foregoingtable of rates)
the term ‘printedpapers” does not include cases, orrollers, or maps, book¬
markers, pens, pencils, &c., but does include Parliamentary proceedings,
books of every kind, sheets of music, and prints. Periodical works, not
of daily publication, issued in the shape of pamphlets, may be sent by
private ships to the United States at the following rates:—Not exceeding
2 oz., id. ; 2 oz. and not exceeding 3 oz., Gd., and 2d. for every ounce or
part thereof, up to 1G oz. The packet must be prepaid, and always sent in
a cover open at the ends. Other printed papers or books except those
specified) to the above places are subject to letter rates.
FOREIGN AND COLONIAL LETTERS.
COMPULSORY PREPAYMENT.
To most places abroad prepayment is optional ; but to others, of which a
select list is given below, it is compulsory, and letters posted to these places
unpaid aro sent to tho RcfcmTi Letter Office in London.
RATES OF POSTAGE.
LETTERS. |HOOKS.
PLACE-.
Not ex¬
ceeding
£ oz.
Above
\oz. and
not ex- i
ceeding ]
loz. I
Registered
Newspapers
and other Publi¬
cations with
Newspaper
privilege.
Unregistered
Newspapers. &c.,
Books, and all
other printed
matter.
s.
d.
b d.
Aden . .
0
9
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. 2d.
Not exc. 4oz. Gd.
A frica, West Coast of .
Antigua .. . .
0
G
0 G
Id eacn.
„ 4 „ 3d.
0
6
0 6
Id. „
„ 4 „ 3d.
A Bi-onslon .
Australian Colonios. via Southampton
0
6
0 G
Id. „
4 „ 3d.
and Suez
0
6
0 6
Id. „
-, 4 „ 4d.
via Marseilles . .
Bathurst (Gambia) .
0
9
1 0
3d. and 4d.
Lettor Rate.
0
6
0 6
Id. each.
Ditto.
Bolivia .
2
0
2 0
3d. „
Ditto.
Borneo, by private ship .
0
G
0 G
Id. „
Ditto.
„ via Marseilles and India
0
9
1 0
4d. „
Ditto.
„ via Southampton and India ..
0
6
0 6
2d. „
Ditto.
Brazil.
1
0
1 0
Id. „
Ditto.
Brit'sh Guinea .
0
G
0 G
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
Basnos Ayres .
0
G
0 G
Id. „
Letter Rate.
California, via New York .
1
24
1 24
2d. each.
Ditto.
„ bv United States’ Packet ..
1
o.J
I 21
2d. .,
Ditto.
Cape de Verd Is'aad .
0
4
0 8
Id. „
Jd. per ounce.
Carthagena (S. A.) . . .. . .
1
0
1 0
lit- „
Letter Rate.
Cayenne .
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Ditto.
Ceylon, via Marseilles .
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Ditto.
Chagres . ..
1
0
1 0
Id. „
Ditto.
Chili.
2
0
2 0
3d. „
Ditto.
China, via Marseilles .
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Ditto.
„ via Southampton (except Hong-Kong
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Ditto.
Costa Rica .
2
3
2 3
Id. „
Ditto.
Cuba .
1
ft
1 G
, Id. ,.
Ditto.
„ via United States .
1
24
1 24
2d. „
Ditto.
Dardanelles, via France and Austria ..
1
2 4
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
Not exo. 4oz. 3d.
Ecuador .
2
0
2 0
3d.each.
Letter Rate.
Egypt, via Marseilles .
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Ditto.
„ via Southampton .
0
(5
0 6
Id. „
Ditto.
, via Belgium (except Alexandria)
Falkland Islands .
1
0
1 0
24d. „
Ditto.
0
6
0 G
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
Fernando Po.
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Ditto.
Gambia .
()
G
0 0
Id. ,,
Ditto.
Gibraltar .
()
G
0 G 1
Id. „
Ditto.
„ via France .
Grenada . . .
0
G
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. Jd.
Ditto.
0
G
0 G :
Id. each.
Ditto.
Guadaloupe.
0
6
0 6
Id. „
Letter Rate.
Guatemala ..
0
G
0 G i
id. „
Ditto.
Havaimah .
1
0
1 G
Id. „
Ditto.
,7 via United States
Hayti (St. Domingo) .
1
24
1 24
0 6
2 d. „
Ditto.
Q
G
Id. „
Ditto.
Heligoland, by private ship
0
0
0 G
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
., via .Hamburg
0 10
0 JO
Id. „
Letter Rate.
Honduras .. .
0
6
0 0
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
Hong-Kong, via Marseilles
0
9
1 0
2 d. „
Ditto.
„ via Southampton ..
India .. .
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Not exc 4oz. 4d.
0
3
0 G
Ionian Islands, via Southampton
0
G
0 6
Id „
Ditto.
Jamaica .
0
6
0 G
Id. „
Ditto.
Japan .
n
9
1 0
3d. „
Letter Rate.
Java, via Marseilles.
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Ditto.
. via Southampton .
0
6
0 G
Id. „
Ditto.
„ via Holland .
0
8
0 8
2 d. „
Ditfo.
Jerusalem .
0
«
1 0
Id. „
Not exo. 4oz. 3d.
Labnan, by private ship .
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Ditto.
„ via Marseilles and India
0
9
1 0
4d. „
Lettor Rate.
„ via Southampton
Luxemburg (Duchy of), via Belgium ..
0
6
0 G
I 2d.
Ditto
0
G
0 G
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
Ditto.
Madoir a .
0
4
0 8
Id. each.
Ditto.
„ via Lisbon .
Malta, via Marseilles .
0
4
0 8
Id. ..
Ditto.
0
G
1 0
3d. „
Ditto.
„ via Southampton .
0
6
0 G
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
,, by French packet, via Marseilles
Martinique . . . .
0
G
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
Letter Rate.
0
G
0 «
Id. each.
Ditto.
Mexico .
2
3
2 3
Id. „
Ditto.
„ via United States .
1
G
1 5
2 d. „
Ditto.
Monte Video .
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Not exc. 8oz. Gd.
Natal .
0
G
0 G
Id. „
„ 4 „ 3d.
New Zealand, via Southampton and Suez
0
G
0 G
Id. „
4 „ 4d.
„ via Marseilles and Suez ..
Pacific (any place in) .
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Letter Rate.
2
0
2 0
3d. „
Ditto.
„ via Brazil.
7
2 7
Id „
Ditto.
Panama .
1
0
1 0
Id. „
Ditto.
Peru .
2
0
2 0
3d. „
Ditto.
Philippine Islands, by private ship
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Ditto.
„ „ via Marseilles and India
0
9
1 0
4d. „
Ditto.
„ „ via Southampton&India
Poland, via Belgium (Registered)
0
G
0 6
2 d. „
Ditto.
2
0
2 0
Id. „
Ditto.
Portugal .
0
4
0 8
Id. „
Ditto.
„ via France .
0
6
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
„ via Brazil packet
Russia, via Belgium (Registered)
0
4
0 8
Id. each
Letter Rate.
2
0
2 0
Id. „
Ditto.
St. Juan do Nicaragua .
0
6
0 G
Id. „
Ditto.
St. Vincent (West Indie 1).
0
6
0 6
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
Sandwich Islands, via U u d States ..
1
24
1 24
2 d. „
Ditto.
„ „ via P • ma
Scutari (Asia), via Belgium
2
4
2 4
4d. „
Letter Bate.
0
8
0 8
24 d. „
Ditto.
Sicilies (Two), via Belgium
1
4
1 4
24d. „
Ditto
Singapore .
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Not cxc. 4oz. Gd.
Spain : .
0
H
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
,, 4 „ 3d.
Syria, via Marseilles by French packet. .
0
G
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
„ 4 „ 4d.
Tangiers, via France .
0
6
1 0
„ 4 „ Id.
„ 4 „ 4d.
Tasmania, via Southampton and Suez..
0
6
0 6
Id. each.
„ 4 „ 4d.
„ via Marseilles and Suez
Tunis, via Marseilles by French packet
0
9
1 0
3d. „
Letter Rate.
0
6
1 0
Not exc. 4oz. Id.
Not exo 4oz. 3d.
Turkey, via Belgium .
0
8
0 8-f
(exc. the places
specified) 2d.
| Letter Rate.
United States.
1
0
1 0
Id. each.
Dfcto.
Vancouver’s Island, by private ship ..
0
G
0 6
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
„ „ via Panama
Vico, via Southampton.
2
4
2 4
4d. „
Letter Rato.
2
2
2 2
Id. „
Ditto.
West Coast South America
2
0
2 0
3d. „
Ditto.
West Indies (British)
West Indies (Foreign), except Cuba, St. )
0
6
0 6
Id. „
Not exc. 4oz. 3d.
Thomas, St. Croix, St. Martin, and >
. 1
5.
1 5..
Id.
Letter Rate.
Eustatius . )
Wurtemberg, via France.
0
6
0 6
Not exc. 4oz. Id.l
Not exc. 4oz. 3dT
21
aVJ AYo
[attnijuUGl
Whci
\\.y.V ]
®W^d
3,R=--
p^~u£
Wms%^
rjJI
%
psp
"
D.
V.
ANNIVERSARIES, FESTIVALS,
SUN.
moon.
HKJ«* W
ATFR AT
M.
w.
REMARKABLE EVENTS.
RIrpr. |
Rets.
Ri»e*.
Ret*.
Age
London Bridge. 1
Liverpool Dock."
a.
M.
a.
M.
Mora.
Morn.
U> 0
Morn. |
Aftem. I
Mom. (
Aftem.
1
w
St . Phil , fy St . James
4
34
7
21
1
21
10 25
(
G
7 2
3 40
4 12
2
Th
Grand Duchess departs fiorn
Farms, 1859
4
32
7
22
1
42
11 37
22
7 34
8 8
4 46:
5 25
3
F
Invent, of the Cross
4
31
7
24
2
0
Aftem.
23
8 47
9 24
6 2'
6 36
4
S
SaUash Tubular-bridge op.,
1859
4
29
7
25
2
14
1
57
24
9 58
10 33
7 11
7 44
5
S
Rogation Sunday
4
27
7
27
2
28
3
5
25
11 6
11 35
1 8 13
8 40
6
M
St. John Evangelist
4
25
7
29
9
43
4
1 2
l ~
26
— |
0 2
9 3
9 22
7
lb
Savings Banks inst, 1815
4
24
7 30
2
56
5
20
27
0 25!
0 44
9 42
10 1
8
W
Easter Term ends
4
22
7
32
3
14
6
29
28
1 4
1 23
10 19 10 36
9
Th
Ascension Day
4
20
7
33
3
34
7
38
®
1 41
1 58
10 5411 10
10
F
Emp. Napoleon take* com.
of the Italian Army, 1859
4
18
7 35
4
1
8
44
1
2 16
2 32
11 27
11 42
11
S
Uutiny at Delhi, 185(>
4
17
7
36
4
35
9
45
2
2 49
3 4
11 59
—
12
s
SUND. AFT. ASC. D.
4
15
7
38
5
20
10
37
3
3 21
3 37
0 15
0 32
13
M
A lessandria Headquaners ol
the French Army, lf59
4
14
7
39
6
16
11
20
4
3 54
4 11
0 49
1 7
14
lb
Grattan died, 1820
4
12
7
41
7
21
11
54
5
4 29
4 47
1 25
1 46
15
\Y
Jupiter sets lh. 25m. a.m.
4
11
7 42
8
32
Mom.
6
5 8
5 29
2 7
2 30
16
Th
Battle of Albuera, 1811
4
9
7
44
9
50
0
21
7
5 52
6 17
2 55
3 22
17
F
Talleyrand died, 3833
4
8
7
45
11
10
0
43
D
6 44
7 12
3 50
4 21
18
S
Cambridge Easter Term div.
4
6
7
47
Aftem.
1
1
9
7 43
S 17
4 55
5 34
19
g
Whit Sunday
4
5
7
48
1
53
1
20
10
8 56
9 31
6 9
6 41
20
M
2t>,000 Austrians crossed the
p 0 ,1839
4
4
7
50
3
15
1
36
11
10 3
10 36
7 14
7 45
21
lb
Lafayette died, 1834
4
2
7
51
4 44
1
57
12
11 7
1L 37
8 15
8 42
22
W
Trinity Term begins
4
1
7 53
6 13
2
20
13
—
0 4
9 9
9 37
23
lb
Battle of Edgehill, 1642
4
0
7
54
7
40
2
49
14
0 31
0 59
10 4
10 30
24
F
Queen Victoria bom, 3819
3
59
7
55
8 58
3
29
O
1 26
1 52
iO 55
11 20
25
S
Princess Helena bora, 184G
3
58
7
56
10
0
4
23
16
2 17
2 42
11 43
—
26
s
Trinity Sunday
3
56
7
58
10 47
5
28
17
3 5
3 30
0 8
0 32
27
M
Piince Napoleon escaped
from Ham, 1845
3
55
7
59
11
20
6
45
18
3 54
4 18
0 56
1 20
28
lb
Chinese Junks dest., 1857
3
54
8
1
11
45
8
3
19
4 42
5 4
[ 42
2 5
29
W
Restoration of K. Charles II.
3
53
8
0
Morn.
9
20
20
5 27
| 5 51
2 29
2 54
30
Th
Corpus Christi
3
52
8
4
0
4
10
34
*21
6 16
6 4.
3 19
3 44
31
F
Mutiny at Lucknow, 1857
o
52
8
3
0 20 11
45
Id
7 6
7 32
4 10
! 4 37
BOSWELLS INTRODUCTION TO TIIE LITERARY CLUB. BY EYEE CKOWE. JUN .—FROM “ THE ILLUSTBATED LONDON Nl WS
23
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE COMMERCIAL TREATY.
The following articles in the Treaty of Commerce between her Majesty and
the Emperor of the French, signed at Paris, January 23, 1800, and the
ratifications of which were exchanged at Paris, February 4,1S60, show the
reductions of the duties on British good imported into France *
Article 1. His Majesty the Emperor of the French engages that on the
following articles of British production and manufacture imported from
the United Kingdom into France the duties shall in no case exceed 30 per
cent ad valorem, the two additional decimes included. The articles are a^
followsRefined sugar; turmeric in powder; rock crystal worked ; iron
forged in lumps or prisms ; brass wire (copper alloyed with zinc), polished
or unpolished of every description; chemical productions, enumerated or
non-tnumerated; extracts of dyewoods; garancino ; common soap of
every description, and perfumed soap; stonewaro and earthenware, fine
and common ; china and porcelain-ware ; glass, crystals, mirrors, and plate-
glass ; cotton yarn; worsted and woollen yarn of every description; yarns
of flax and hemp ; yarns of hair, enumerated or non-enumerated; cotton
manufactures ; horsehair manufactures, enumerated or non-enumerated;
worsted and woollen manufactures, enumerated or non-enumerated; cloth
liRt; manufactures of hair; silk manufactures ; manufactures of waste and
floss silk ; manufactures of bark and all other vegetable fibres, enumerated
or non-enumerated ; manufactures of flax and hemp: mixed manufactures
of every description ; hosiery ; haberdashery and small wares ; manufactures
of caoutchouc and gutta percha, pure or mixed; articles of clothing, wholly
or in part made up; prepared skins; articles of every sort manufactured
from leather or skins, included or not under the denomination of small
wares, fine or common ; plated articles of every description; cutlery; metal
wares, whether enumerated or not; pig and cast iron of every description,
without distinction of weieht; bar and wrought iron, with the exception of
the kinds specified in Article IT; steel; machinery, tools, and mechanical
instruments of every description; carriages on springs, lined and pointed ;
cabinet-ware, carved work, and turnery of eveiy description, worked ivory
and wood; brandies and spirits, including those not distilled from wine,
cherries, molasses, or rice; ships and boats. With respect to rofined sugar
and chemical productions of which salt is the basis, the excise or inland
duties shall be added to the amount of the above specified duties.
Art. 2. His Imperial Majesty engages to reduce the import duties in
Franco on British coal and coke to the amount of 15c. for tho hundred
kilogrammes, with tho addition of the two docimes. His Majesty the
Emperor also engages, within four years from tho date of the ratification
of the present treaty, to establish upon tho importation of coal and coke
by land and by sea a uniform duty, which shall not exceed that which is
fixed by the preceding paragraph.
Art. 3. It is understood that the rates of duty mentioned in the pro
ceding articles are independent of the differential duties in favour of French
shipping, with which duties they shall not interfere.
Art. 4. The duties ad valorem stipulated in tho present treaty shall be
calculated on the value at the place of production or fabrication of tho object
imported, with the addition of tho cost of transport, insurance, and com¬
mission necessary for the importation into Franco as far as the port of
discharge. For the levying of these duties the importer shall make a
written declaration at the custom-house, stating the value and description
of tho goods imported. If the custom-house authorities shall be of opinion
that the declared value is insufficient, they shall bo at liberty to take the
goods on paying to tho importer the price declared, with an addition of
5 per cent. This payment, together with tho restitution of any duty which
may have been levied upon such goods, shall be made within the fifteon
days followihg the declaration. *
Art. 6. Her Britannic Majesty engages also that tho duties on the importa¬
tion of French wiue be at once reduced to a rate not exceeding 3s. a gallon, and
that from the 1st of April, 1861, the duties on importation shall be regulated
as follows:—1. On wino containing less than 15 degrees of proof spirit
verified by Sykes’s hydrometer the duty shall not exceed Is. a gallon.
2. On wino containing from 15 to 26 degrees th& duty shall not exceed
Is. 6d. a gallon. 3. On wine containing from 26 to 40 degrees tho duty shall
not exceed 2s. a gallon. 4. On wino in bottles the duty shall not exceed
"Is. a gallon.
Art 0 . It is understood between the two high contracting Powers that,
if one of them thinks it necessary to establish an excise tax or inland duty
upon any article of home production or manufacture which is comprised
among tho preceding enumerated articles, the foreign imported article of
the same description may be immediately liable to an equivjdent duty on
importation. It is equally understood botween the high contracting
Powers that, in case tho British Government should deem it necessary to
increase the excise duties lovied upon homo-mado spirits, the duties on
the importation of wines may be modified in tho following manner For
every increase of la. per gallon of spirits on tho excise duty there may bo
on wines which pay Is. (id. duty an augmentation not exceeding l£d. per
gallon ; and on wines which pay 2s. an augmentation not exceeding 2.jd.
per gallon.
Art. 10. The two high contracting parties reserve to themselves the
power of levying upon all articles mentioned in the present treaty, or upon
any other article, landing or shipping dues, in order to pay the expenses
of all necessary establishments at the ports of importation and exportation.
But in all that relates to local treatment, the dues and charges in the
ports, basins, docks, roadsteads, harbours, and rivers of the two c >:• tries,
the privileges, favours, or advantages which are or shall he granted to
national vessels generally, or to the goods imported or exported in them,
shall he equaliy granted to the vessels of the other country, and to the
goods imported or exported in them.
Art. 11. The two high contracting Powers engage not to prohibit the
exportation, of coal, and to levy no duty upon such exportation.
Art. 12. The subjects of one of the two high contracting Powers shall in
i^hPtdnvainions of the other enjoy tho same protection as native subjects in
regard to the rights of property in trade marks and in patterns of -every
description.
Art.* 13. The ad valorem duties established within tho limits fixed by tho
preceding articles shall be converted into specific duties by a supplementary
convention, which shall be concluded before the 1st ot July, I860. The
medium prices during the six months preceding the date of the present
treaty shall be taken as the bases for this conversion. Duties shall, how¬
ever, be levied in conformity with tho bases above established 1. In the
event of this supplementary convention not having come into force before
the expiration of the period fixed for tho execution by France of the
present treaty ; 2, upon those articles the specific duties on which shall not
nave been settled by common oousent.
Art. 14. Her Britannic Majesty reserves to herself tho power of retaining,
ugon special grounds, and by way of exception, during a period not
exceeding two years, dated from the 1st of April, 1860, half of the duties on
thoso articles tho free admission of which is stipulated by tho present
treaty. This reserve, however, does not apply to articles of silk manufacture
Art. 15 Tho engagements contracted by his Majesty the Emperor of tho
French shall be fulfilled, and the tariffs previously indicated as payable on
rlritlsll ffnnHa nnrl TYIOnnf.intnvnn -- 1 * A -..ILL • Ji. * n II
e ~ ,. • , , . - ■ --—— subject to prohibition,
from the 1st of October, 1860; 3, for worted metals, machines, tools, and
mechanical instruments of all soi ls, within a period which shall not exceed
the 31st of December, 1860; 4, for yarns aud manufactures in flax and
hemp, from tho 1st of Juno, 1861; and 5, and for all other articles from
the I at of October, 1861.
Art. 16. His Majesty the Emperor of tho French engages that the ad
valorem duties payable on the importation into France of merchandise of
British production and manufacture shall not exceed a maximum of 25 per
cent from the 1st of October, 1S64.
Art. 17. It is understood between the two high contracting Powers, as an
element of the conversion of tho ad valorem duties into specific duties, that
for tho kinds of bn* iron which are at present subjected on importation
into France to a duty of 1 Of., not including the two additional decimes, the
duty shall ho 7f. on every 100 kilogrammes until the 1st of October, 1SG4,
and Of. from that period, including in both cases the two additional
decimes.
Art. IS. The arrangements of the present Treaty of Commerce are
applicable to Algeria, both for the exportation of her produce, and for the
importation of British goads.
Art. 10. Each of the two high contracting Powers engage-s to confer on
the other any favour, privilege, or reduction in the tariff of duties of
importation on the articles mentioned in the present treaty which the said
Power may concede to any third Power. They further engage not to
enforce one against the other any prohibition of importation or exportation
which shall not at tho same time lie applicable to all other nations.
Art. 21. The present treaty shall remain in force for the space of ten
years, to date from the clay of the exchange of ratifications ; and in ca^e
neither of the high contracting Powers shall havo notified to the other,
twelvo months before the expiration of the said period of ten years, the
intention to put an end to its operation, the treaty shall continue in force
for another year, and so on from year to year until the expiration of a
year, counting from the day on wnich ono or other of the high contracting
Powers shall have announced its intention to put an end to it. The high
contracting Powers reserve to themselves the right to introduce by common
consent into this treaty ary modification which is not opposed to its spirit
and principles, and the utility of whioh shall have been shown by
experience.
THE CUSTOMS TARIFF AMENDMENT ACT, 1860.
Clause 1. The following duty of Customs are charged on the under-men¬
tioned articles imported into Great Britain and Ireland on the 11th day of
February, 1860Chicory, or k any other vegetable matter applicable to the
uses of chicory or coffee, raw or kiln-dried, 6s. the cwt. Wiue, of or from
foreign countries—Red, white, or lees of such wine, 3s. the gallon ; with an
allowance for drawback on exportation until the 31st day of December,
1860, inclusive of 3s. per g allon on such wine exported or used as ship’s
stores, but no drawback shall bo granted on lees of wine. On and after tho
1st day of January, 1861, and without any allowance for drawback, wino
of or from foreign countries, or the growth and produce of any British
possession, containing less tlian the following rates of proof spirit, verified
iy Sykes’s hydrometer — viz , red, white, or tho lees of such wine,
18 degrees, is. the gallon; 26 degrees, la. Gd.; <0 degrees, 2 s. ; and if im¬
ported in bottles, 2a.
Clause 2 gives power to tho Commissioners of Customs to limit ports of
importation.
Clause 3 gives power to Commissioners of Inland Revenue to make allow¬
ances on wine in stock.
Clause 4 gives power to the Treasury to authoriso payment of monies
advanced by Commissioners of Inland Revenue.
Clause 6. The duties of customs chargable upon the goods, wares, and mer¬
chandise, next hereinafter mentioned imported into Great Britain and Ireland
shall cease:—Ag ates or cornelians, set; swords, cutlasses, matehets, bayouets,
barrels, gun-locks; cannon and mortars, of brass or iron, not mounted, gun-
nor accompanied with carriages; muskets, rifles, carbines,fowling-pieces, or
guns of any other sort not enumerated, and pistols; manufactures of brass,
not otherwise enumerated ; brocades of gold and silver; manufactures of
bronze or metal, bronzed or lacquered; canes, walking canes,or sticks; manu¬
factures of caoutchouc; china or porcelain ware, plain, painted, gilt, or orna¬
mented; clocks; corks, square for rounding. Cotton manufactures—Fringe,
gloves of cotton or thread, stockings of cotton or thread, socks or half-hose
of cotton or thread. Earthenware. Embroidery and needle-work—silk and
cotten net, figured with the needle, beiDg imitation lace, and articles thereof;
curtains, commonly called Swiss, embroidered on muslin or net. Feathors,
artificial flowers, raw fruit; manufactures of gutta percha, moulded and
not moulded ; manufactures of hair or goat’s wool, or of hair or goat’s wool
and any other material, wholly or in part made up; hats or bonnets ; iron
and steel, wrought or manufactured, or coated with brass or copper by any
galvanic process; jewels, emeralds, and other precious stones, set; lace, and
articles thereof; manufactures of lead; leather manufactures—viz., boots,
shoes, and calashes; gloves of leather (after the 1st of August, 1860), and
any article made of leather, or any manufacture whereof leather is the most
valuable part; linen, or linen and cotton manufactures; lucifers, of wood
and wax; morphia and its salts ; musical instruments; oil, chemical,
essential, or perfumed; opera glasses, single and double, and all marine
and race glasses, not being telescopes ; percussion caps; perfumery, not
otherwise enumerated ; quinces ; sulphate of quinine ; silk—viz., millinery
of silk, or of which tho greater part is silk; China crape shawls, scarfs,
handkerchiefs, and pieces; handkerchiefs, plain and figured, in pieces not
exceeding nino yards in length; articles, manufactures of silk, or of silk
24
TUB ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
and. any other material, not particularly enumerated, of and from a British
possession ; manufactures of silk, or of silk mixed with metal or any other
material the produce of Europe ; gauze or crape, plain, striped, figured, or
brocaded ; velvet, plain or figured ; ribbons, plain silk, of one colour only;
velvet or plush, wholly of silk or of silk mixed with cotton, not exceeding
nine inches in width—viz., plain, or embossed by depression, without satin
or fancy edge; figured, brocaded, striped, or spotted, or with fancy or satin
edge, and silk ribbons in any way mixed or ornamented with velvet or
plush; fancy siik net or tricot; plain silk lace or net called tulle ; manu¬
factures of silk, or of silk mixed with other materials, called plush, not
being ribbons; articles thereof not otherwise enumerated; black plush,
commonly used for making hats; parasols and umbrellas ; damask of silk
and wool, or of silk and other materials, for furniture ; stays or corsets of
linen or of cotton, or of linen and cotton mixed ; sulphuric acid ; toys;
turnery, not otherwise described; watches; woollens—viz., carpets and
rugs ; shawls, scarfs, and handkerchiefs, plain ; and gloves.
Clause 6. In lieu of the duties of customs now chargeable on the articles
next hereinafter mentioned, on their importation into Great Britain and
Ireland the following duties of customs shall, on and after the 6th day of
March, 1860, be charged, until the respective days hereinafter mentioned;
and from and after those days respectively the said duties shall cease and
determine; that is to say :—until'the 31st day of March, 1862, inclusive,
corks, ready made, 3d the lb.; until the 31st day of March, 1801, inclusive,
hats or. bonnets, of chip or straw, Is. 3d. the lb.; until the 1st day of
August, 1860, inclusive, leather manufactures—viz., men’s gloves, Is. 9d.
the dozen pairs ; women’s gloves or mitts, 2s. 3d. t-lic dozen pairs.
Clause 7. In lieu of the duties of customs now charged on the articles
undermentioned, the following duties of customs shall, on and after the
16th day of August, 1860, be charged thereon on importation from countries
other than France and Algeria, viz. :—Books, being of editions printed in
or since the year 1861, bound or unbound, 16s. the cwt.; books admitted
under treaties of international copyright, 15s. the cwt. Millboards, 16s.
the cwt. Paper—viz., brown paper, made of old rope or cordage only,
without separating or extracting the pitch or tar therefrom, and without
any mixture of other materials therewith, 16s. the cwt. ; printed, painted,
or stained paperhangings, or flock paper, lis. the cwt. ; gilt, stained,
coloured, embossed, and all fancy kinds, not being paperhangings, 16s.
the cwt.; waste paper, or paper of any sort, not particularly enumerated or
described, not otherwise charged witli duty, 16s. the cwt Pasteboard, 15s.
the cwt. Prints and drawings—viz., plain or coloured, 16s. the cwt ;
admitted under treaties of international copyright, 15s. the cwt. ; or, at
the option of the importer—single, Oi-d. each; bound, lid. the dozen.
Clause 8. In lieu of the duties of customs now charged on' the articles
under mentioned, the following duties of customs shall, on and after the
6th day of March, 1860, be charged thereon on importation into Great
Britain and Ireland—viz., Spirits or strong waters, not being sweetened
or mixed with any article so that the degree of strength thereof cannot be
ascertained by Sykes’s hydrometer, for every gallon of the strength of
proof by such hydrometer, and so in proportion for any greater or less
strength than the strength of proof, and for any greater or less quantity
than a gallon, 8s. 6d. the gallon ; spirits of and from a British possession in
America or the island of Mauritius; and rum of and from any British
possession within the limits of the East India Company’s charter, in regard
to which the conditions of the Act 4 Viet., c. 8, have or shall have been
fulfilled, 8s. 3d. tlie gallon; rum shrub, liqueurs and cordials, of and from
a British possession in America or the island of Mauritius, or a British
possession within the limits of the East India Company’s charter, qualified
as aforesaid, 8s. 3d. the gallon; rum of and from any foreiRn country, being
the country of its production, 8s. 3d. the gallon; rum from any country
not being the country of its production. 8s. Gd the gallon; tafia of and
from any colony of Franco, 8s. 3d. the gallon; other spirits, being sweet¬
ened or mixed, so that the degree of strength cannot be ascertained as
aforesaid, and perfumed spirits, to bo used as perfumery only, 12s. the
gallon. Spirits or strong waters, imported into tho United Kingdom, mixed
with any ingredient, and, although thereby coming under some other
designation, except varnish, shall nevertheless be deemed to bo spirits or
strong waters, and be subject to duty as such. Cologne water, the flask
(thirty of such flasks containing not more than one gallon), 5d. each ; when
not in flasks, as perfumed spirits, 12s. the gallon.—By a later resolution of
the House of Commons, the duties upon British spirits was increased
2s. lOd. the gallon.
Clause The duties of customs chargeable upon the goods, wares, and
merchandise hereinafter mentioned imported into Great Britain and
Ireland shall, on and after the 7 th day of March, 1860, cease and determine;
that is to say:—Ammunition—viz., shot, large and small, of iron or lead;
rockets and other combustibles for purposes of war : almonds, apples,
beads, boxes of brass ; butter, of and from a British possession ; candles ;
capers, including the picklo; cheese, of and from a British possession;
cinnamon, cloves; copper manufactures, not otherwise enumerated or
described, and copper {dates engraved ; coral negligees, daguerreotype
plates, dates; eggs, of and from a British possession; medical extracts,
ginger; glass—flint cut glass, flint coloured glass, and fancy ornamental
glass of whatever kind; gongs; grains, guinea and of paradise; japanned
or lacquered ware, liquorice, mace, mustard, nutmegs, nuts, oilcloth,
onions, oranges and lemons; pears, dried; pewter manufactures, not other¬
wise enumerated ; pimento. Platting—of chip, not being of greater value
than 6d. per piece of sixty yards ; or other manufactures of straw, chip,
or other materials to be used in or proper for making or ornamenting hats
or bonnets, not otherwise enumerated. Pomatum, rice, salacine ; sauces,
not otherwise enumerated; scaleboards; caraway seeds, of and from a
British possession; ships, foreign-built, broken up, or sold to be broken up,
or abandoned by the owners, or sold as wreck, whether afterwards recovered
or repaired or not; soap, soy; spelter or zinc manufactures, not otherwise
enumerated ; stearine ; tallow, of and from a British possession; tin-foil;
tin manufactures, not otherwise enumerated; veneers, washing-balls;
yarn, woollen or worsted.
Clause 10 alters the duties now charged on articles herein named, the
reduced duties to be charged on and after March 7, I860:—Plate of gold.
1.7s. the oz. troy; plate of silver, gilt or ungilt, Is. Od. the oz. troy; hair
powder, vermicelli, and maccaroni, 44d. the cwt.; currants, figs, andrasins,
7s. the cwt.
Clause 11 states that tho duties of customs now charged on the articles
next mentioned shall continue to be levied and charged, on and after the
1st day of April, 1860, until the 1st day of July, 1861, on importation into
Great Britain and Ireland; that is to say,—Tea (without any allowance for
draft), is. 5d. the lb.; cherries (dried), comfits (dry), confectionery, ginger
(preserved), marmalade, plums (preserved in sugar), and succades,
including all fruits and vegetables preserved in sugar, not otherwise enume¬
rated, 2d. tho lb. Sugar—candy, brown or white, refined sugar, or sugar
rendered by any process equal in quality thereto, 18s. 4d. the cwt. ' white
clayed sugar, or sugar rendered by any process equal in quality to white
clayed, not being refined or equal in quality to refined, 16s. tho cwt,. ;
yellow muscovado and brown clayed sugar, or sugar rendered by any pro¬
cess equal in quality to yellow muscovado or brown clayed, and not equal
to white clayed, 13s. lOd. the cwt.; brown muscovado or any other sugar,
not being equal in quality to yellow muscovado or brown clayed sugar,
12s. 8d. the cwt. ; cane juice, 10s. 4d., and molasses, 5s. the cwt. The
following drawbacks shall be allowed on exportation to foreign parts, or on
removal to the Isle of Man for consumption there :— Upon refined sugar, in
loaf, complete or whole, or lumps duly refined,' having been perfectly
clarified and thoroughly dried in tho stove, and being of an uniform white¬
ness throughout, or sugarcandy, or sugar refined by the centrifugal
machine, or by any other process, and not in any way inferior to the
Export Standard, No. 3, approved by the Lords of the Treasury, for every
cwt., 17s. 2d. ; upon refined sugar unstoved, pounded, crushed, or broken,
and not in any way inferior to the Export Standard sample No. 1, for every
cwt., 16s. 4d.; upon bastard or refined sugar, unstoved or broken in pieces,
for every cwt., 15s. Id. ; upon bastard or refined sugar being inferior in
qualiyy to the Export Standard sample No. 2, for every cwt., 12s. 8d.
Clause 12, In lieu of the duties of customs now chargeable on wood and
timber, as denominated in Table A. to the “Tariff Act, 1855,” foreign
and colonial, on importation into Great Britain and Ireland, the following
duties of customs shall be charged:—Wood and timber, hewn, and lath wood,
Is. the load; sawn or split, planed or dressed, 2s. the load ; firewood, not
exceeding three feet in length, Is. the load. Teak and wood for shipbuilding
purposes, Is the load. Mahogany, hard wood, or furniture woods—viz ,
box-wood, beef-wood, cedar, ebony, king-wood, lignum vibe, maple, New
Zealand wood, olive-wood, purple-wood, rose-wood, satin-wood, Santa
Maria wood, speckled wood, sweet-wood, tulip-wood, walnut-wood, zebra-
wood ; furniture wood unenumerated, Jnot being ash, beech, birch, elm, oak,
and wainscot, Is. the ton. Staves, not exceeding 72 inches in length, nor
7 inches in breadth, nor 3^ inches in thickness (except staves for herring
barrels), Is. the load.—Drawbacks allowed oil exportation to foreign parts
of the several descriptions of wood and timber, whether colonial or
foreign.
Clause 13 states that duties on timber are to bo paid on first im¬
portation.
Clause 14 levies a duty on ships, foreign-built, of wood, and upon all ships
built of wood in any of her Majesty’s possessions abroad, on the registration
thereof as British ships at any port or place for the registry of British ships
in Great Britain and Ireland, for every ton of the gross registered tonnage
of such ships, without any deduction in respect of engine-room or other¬
wise, Is.
Clause 15. Upon goods deposited in any warehouse for the security of
duties of customs, and in addition to such duties of customs, or any other
charges payable thereon, there shall bo paid at the time of delivery from
the warehouse for home consumption the rates following For every £100
of customs duty payable on the goods—Upon such goods, not being tobacco
or sugar, as shall not have been removed under bond from any such ware¬
house in any port or place to any other warehouse in any other port or place,
5s. ; upon such goods, not being tobacco or sugar, as shall have been eo
removed under bond, 10s. ; upon tobacco which shall not have been so
removed under bond, 2s. 6d. ; upon tobacco which shall have been so
removed under bond, 5s. ; upon sugar which shall not have been;so removed
under bond, 5s. ; upon sugar which shall have been so removed under bond,
10s.: provided that the extra rates above charged upon any goods which
shall have been removed under bond shall not apply to removals under
bond to warehouses in ports or places which now possess the privilege of
bonding.
Clause 16. There shall bo charged (irrespective of any duties of customs
or other ratfs or charges payable by law) upon the importation of all
goods into Great Britain and Ireland, except corn, grain, and flour, and
timber and wood goods, and goods in transit exported under bond, and
goods imported for exportation in the same ship, provided they be so
reported, tho respective rates and charges following : —Goods in packages or
parcels, per package or parcel, or other unit of entry, Id. ; goods in bulk,
Toy weight, measure, or number, for each unit of entry, Id. ; animals, per
head or other unit of entry, Id. : and there shall be charged upon every
customs bill of lading, on tho exportation of any goods from Great Britain
and Ireland. Is. Gd.
Clauses 17 and 18 define the unit of entry, and the power to adjust unit
of entry.
Clause 39 enacts that the rates arc to be paid by stamps.
Clause 20 gives particulars of free goods inwards.
Clause 21 gives the construction of the term “bill of lading,” and says
that a bill of lading is to be deemed the entry outwards of free goods, but
not to include more than one consignment. A penalty of £5 for evasion.
Clause 22 says that bills of ladingare to be delivered within time pi-escribed,
and enacts a penalty on fulling to comply with foregoing requirements.
Clause 23 explains the bills of lading. &c., relating to goods conveyed by
forwarders, and penalties on exporter, &c., failing to comply with require¬
ments therein.
Clause 24 defines the meaningof the terms “ carrier or forwarder” and
“ Goods ” as used in this Act
Clause 25 inflicts a penalty cn exporter, <fcc., shipping without bill of
lading.
Clause 26 inflicts a penalty on master or owner failing to deliver a manifest
of goods shaped.
Clause 27 explains customs bill of lading, &c., when required as evidence.
Clause 28 says the payment of duty on customs bill of lading’ to bo by an
adhesive stamp.
Clause 29. No customs bill of lading to be valid if not stamped.
Clause 30. Averments in informations, <fec.
Clause 31. Stamps to bo provided by the Inland Revenue.
Clause 32. Rates to be deemed stamp duties.
Clause 33. Customs stamp-distributors to be appointed.
Clause 34. Inland Revenue to account with Customs the proceeds arising
from stamp duties.
Clause 35. Allowance for stamps spoiled, <fcc.
Clause 36 enacts, where contracts were entered into before the 10th of
February, 1860, deduction be made in respect of duty.
Clause 37. Commencement of Act and title.
25
Sr??
JUNE:
hic.h water at
ANNIVERSARIES, FESTIVALS,
REMARKABLE EVENTS.
Rises.
Aae^ London (Bridge.
Liverpool Dock.
Mom.
Morn.
Aftcrn.
A Item.
S Nicomcde 3 51;
$ 1 st S. after Trin. 3 50.
Vd SirJ.Lawrencerec.Freedom O /jn'
of City ol'London, 1851) j*-*
Tb Batt e of Buflalora, 1859 3 48
W Milan evacuated, 1859 3 48
lb Mutiny at Allahabad, 1837 3 4 / j
t Parliament opened, 1839 3 47
S Douglas Jtrrold died, 1857 3 40
S 2nd S. after Trin. 3 46
M Prince Mettemich died, 1859 3 4 J) j
Tb St. Barnabas 3 45
.Trinity Term ends 3 45 1
ryx .Palmerston and Rus*eB's o A A
I Adminlstrat. formed, 1859 O H~1
J 1 j Insurrect. of "Wat Tyler, 1381 3 44
S Queen -visit. Birmingli, 1859 3 44
gj :}RD 8 . after Trin. 3 44
M St. Allan 3 44
Tb Battle of Waterloo, 1815 3 44
W Gwalior recaptured, 1858 3 44
Tb Accession 3 44
F Proclamation 3 44
S Income Tax com., 1842 3 45
S |4th 8. after Trin. 3 45
M St. John 13 apt. ^Uny. 3 45
Tb Jupiter sets lOh. 51m. p.m. 3 46
W, Victoria Cross dist, 1857 1 3 4 6
Tb Mars seta 9h. 86m. p.m, 3 46
F Qtieen Victoria crowned 1839 3 4/
S 1st. Fetor 3 47
g I 5th 8. after Trin. 1 3 48
Aftem.
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861 .
HAY-STACKING-. 33Y W. H. HOPKINS.—FROM “ THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEYfS.
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE FRUITS OF THE SEASON.
MAY AND JUNE.
Now is tho season of that universal favourite the strawberry^ and, when
we run over the forty-three superb varieties now in cultivation, -wo again
marvel that these have all been raised by the gardener’s skill since
Parkinson wrote as follows, in 1029, of the,-Only variety then known besides
the old Virginian:—“ The Bohemia strawberry hath boonc with us but of
late dayes, but is tho goodliest and greatest, both for leafe next to the Vir¬
ginian, and for beauty farre surpassing all, for some of tho berries haue
beene measured to bee neare five inches about. Master Quester, tho Post¬
master, first brought them over into our country as I understand, but I
know no man so industrious in tho earefull planting and bringing them to
perfection in that plentiful! maner as Master Vincent Sion, who dwelt on
the bank side neer'the old Paris garden staires, who, from seven rootos, as
hee affirmed to me, iii one yeare and a halfe planted halfe an acre of ground
with the increase from’ them, besides those he gave away to his friends,
and with him I have scene such, and of that bignesse before mentioned.
The berries are often brought to table as a reare service, ^hereunto claret
wine, creame, or milke, is added, with sugar as every one liketh, as also at
other times both with the better and meaner sort, and are a good, cooling,
and pleasant dish in the hot summer season.”
Even Switzer, ill his ’‘practical Fruit Gardener,” published in 1721, only
mentions four kinds of strawberries, the red and white wood, the Virginian
or American, arfd tho large hautboy or Polonian, which probably was the
Bohemian mentioned by Parkinson.
The Alpine strawberry was introduced into Franeo in 1764 by it. de
Fougerpu, who observed it upon Mont Genis. Three or four years pre¬
viously it was cultivated in the neighbourhood of London; and M.
Duchesne, writing in 17G6, says that the King of England was understood
to have received ’/the first seeds from Turin. It was such a rarity that a
pinch of the seed sold for a guinea, but its fecundity very speedily reduced
this price. It w.as introduced into England by tho Dutch market-gardeners,
who sold the plants at the rato of five livres per hundred. It was from
England and Holland that plants of this strawberry were first procured for
the French'Kiug’s garden atTrianOn. —(Duchesne’s “ Histoire dos Fraisiers,”
57 ) The exportation is now reversed, for Alpine strawberry-seed is com¬
monly imported into this country from Paris.
Tho Cappron, which was mentioned by Quintinnie, was the first improved
garden variety, and was obtained from the seed of the wood strawberry.
It appears to have been obtained at Montreuil, in France, by a strawberry-
grower named Pierre Fressant, about the year 1766, and was known as tho
Fressant strawberry. The variety is now unknown, but has probably been
an ancestor of some of our present improved varieties.
The Chili Strawberry. — The Spaniards conveyed the strawberry with them
to South America, and at the foot of the Cordillera Mountains, near Quito,
our present Chili variety w&s raided. It was seen there by M. Frezier
during his “Voyage in the South Sea,” and brought to France by him on
his return to Marseilles in 1716. It was called by the South American
Spaniards “frutilla,” or little fruit, a singularly inappropriate name if tho
comparison was with other strawberries, for it was then the largest of the
known varieties. The French, Gallicising the name, called it “ le frutiller,’’
and it, appears to have been first successfully and largely cultivated by them
at Brest. Thence it was procured by the plant-dealers of Amsterdam,
and Miller imported it from Mr. Clifford’s garden at Hartecamp, near that
city, in 1727. It had bloomed in Miller’s garden at Eltliam, in 1730, but
had not borne fruit; and even as late as 17GG Duchesne says that Miller
considered its cultivation abandoned in England on account of its sterility.
The parentage and birthplace of the Pine Strawberry is uncertain. 11
first became known to the English and French gardeners about the middle
of the last century. Duchesne seems to consider it a hybrid between the
scarlet and the Chili, but Miller considered it a new species. At first, in
1759, he believed that it was a native of Louisiana, but in later editions of
his Dictionary he seems to doubt between that country, Virginia, and
Surinam. Duchesne is quite right in thinking the latter tropical locality
too hot to have been its birthplace. It reached tho Trianon gardens in
1762, In company with other plants from Canada and Virginia.
The Scarlet, known also as the Virginian and Canadian strawberry, is,
most probably, a native species of North America, and brought into England
before the middle of the seventeenth century. Bradley, in 1720, and
Switzer, in-1724, mention it in their lists of garden strawberries. It was
included in Tradescant’s Catalogue in 1623, and more fully particularised
by Parkinson in 1656. Mortimer, writing in 1707, says it was lately intro¬
duced. It was usually considered by botanists as a distinct species, but
Duchesne thinks it an offspring of the wood strawberry.
The present century, subsequently to Knight's experiments and practical
directions in hybridizing, has been the birth time of many varieties. The
Roseberry was raised by Robert Davidson, Esq., near Aberdeen, in 1810 ;
Wilmot’s Superb, of great size but deficient flavour, produced m 1825 ;
Grove-end Scarlet, raised by W. Atkinson, Esq., at Grove End, Paddington,
in 1820; Keen’s Seedling, raised by Mr. Michael Keon, a market-gardener
at Isleworth, about the year 1823 ; Elton, raised by T. A. Knight, E : q , in
1828 : Downton, raised in 1816 by the same distinguished horticulturist;
and Hyatt’s Pine, Prince Abert, Eliza, and British Queen all raised by Mr.
Myatt, market-gardener, at Deptford, within the last few years .— Johnson
on the Strawberry.
Dr. Hogg furnishes us with the following list of strawberries most worthy
of being selected for cultivation, and keeping up a supply prolonged to the
end of July. Of these Black Prince and Keen’s Seedling are the earliest in
production, and the Eiton the latest Black Prince, British Queen, Cai*olina
Superba, Deptford Pine, Duchesse de Tr6vise, Elton, Highland Chief,
Keen’s Seedling, Myatt’s Eliza, Oscar, Princess Royal of England, and
Swainstohe’s Seedling.— Hogg’s “ Fruit Manual.”
Our Artist has ventured to introduce the apple as still a fruit of the season,
and he must have been led to this by a grateful memory on his palate of
the flavour of a well-preserved Sturmer pippin, one of the very few varieties
that retain their flesh unshriveiled and their flavour tfnevaporated thus late
mto the year. “This,” says Dr. Hogg, in his “British Pomology,” “is,
perhaps, the most valuable dessert apple of the season. Iris of first-rate
excellence, and exceedingly desirable both on account of its delicious flavour
and arriving at perfection at a period when the other favourite varieties are
past. It is nor, fit for use until the Ribstone pippin is nearly gone, and
continues long after the nonpareil. The period of its perfection is from
Februrary until June. The Sturmer pippin was raised by Mr. Dillistone,
a nurseryman at Sturmer, near Haverhill, in Suffolk, and was attained by
impregnating the Ribstone pippin with the pollen of the nonpareil.”
Well might tho artist select a spray of apple-blossom to crown this
seasou’s Illustration, for no object among our hardy trees is more beautiful
to look upon than an apple-orchard in the prime of its blooming.
There is no lovelier scene in all the land !
Around mo far a sweet en-hantinent lies,
Fed ljy the weeping of our Fpriug-iid*
And touched by Fancy’s great, all-charming wand.
In Germany, on St. Urban’s Day (the 25th of May), all tho vintners and
masters of vineyards set a table either in the market-houso or some other
public place, and corering it with fine table-linen, and strewing upon it
green leaves and sweet flowers, place upon the table the image of that holy
Bishop, and then, if the day be clear and fair, they crown the image with
abundance of wino ; but if the day prove rough and rainy they cast filth
and puddle-water upon the image, persuading themselves that if that day
be fair and calm their grapes, which then begin to grow strong, will prove
good that; year, but if it be stormy that they will have a bad vintage.—
Brand’s “ J’opular Antiquities . ”
This, too ; is tho beginning of the cherry season, for Belle d’Orleans,
Baumann’s May, Early purple Guigne, and some others, of which we will give
a list, are ripe sooner or later during June. How many reminiscences rush
upon us in connection with this fruit! In childhood we remember to have
wondered that we could not sco the fairies riding down to the ground upon
each petal of tho cherry-blooms as they foil! Then, where are the barrows
of cherries and the women who impelled them some half a century ago ?
Who ever hears now that once well-uttered cry—
Found aiul sound,
Tuppence a pound,
Kipe-heart cherries !
This barrow-hawking of cherries is oldor than tho middle of tho fifteenth
century, for Lydgate, a poet of that period, says—
Hot pescode one began to cry,
Straberys type, and cherries in the ryse.
That is, cherries on tho boughs, rise being a long branch or twig, aud is a
word still employed with that meaning in the west of England.
Whoever goes now to a “cherry fair”? Yet we remember tho day in
some far eastern corners of the land when the fairest and the Wealthiest
went to partake of cherries when in high harvest in the cherry orchards of
the district. This was no modern custom, for as far in the past: as the time
of Occleve, about the year 1400, we read this line of his inditing—
Tliis lyf, my sone, is but ft che-y feyra.
Tlieso customs are left amongst “ things unused ” in this ago of progress,
and cherry-stones are no longer employed in the game of cherry-pit, nor
are they ground down into links for cherry-chains.
Cherries are natives of Pontus, in Asia, and when LucuIIub, in his war-
fai'e against Mithridates, arrived at Cerasus in that district this fruit there
became first known to the Romans. Cerasus, now called Keresoun, is a
maritime town in the Turkish dominions. “The cherry (says Pliny) did
not exist in Italy before the period of the victory gained over MithriHatea
by Lucullus in the year of the City 680 (about seven-three years before tho
birth of our Savour). He was first to introduce this tree from Pontus, and
now, in the course of one hundred and twenty-three years, it has travelled
across the ocean, and arrived even in Britain.”
The cherry, then, had been introduced into England about a d. 50, and
it will be interesting to inquire what kinds were thus made known to our
ancestors. Pliny says that the Aprouian was the reddest, and this is
believed to be our Kentish cherry, often called the Flemish. At all events
it has been hero from “time to which tho memory of man runneth not to
the contrary.” The Lut&tian. says Pliny, was the blackest, and we con¬
sider it identical with tho Lacure, or “black hart,” mentioned by Parkinson
in 16*29.
There are now about ninety varieties of cherry in cultivation, and we will
just copy from our note-book some facts in the history of a few of them.
The Hartlip, one of our oldest, was raised at a village of that name,
between Sittingboumc and Chatham. Luke Ward’s, so called after the
gentleman who “ brought tho same out of Italy,” quoth Gerarde. Belle de
Choisy, raised at Choisy, near Paris, in 1760. Jeffery’s Duke, raised by a
Brompton nurseryman of that name at the end of the last century.
Kentish, already mentioned, tho stone of which adheres eo tenaciously to
the stalk that it maybe readily pulled out, leaving tho fruit apparently
wholo. If then laid on a sieve and dried in the sun, the fruit becomes a
luscious sweetmea.t, somewhat like a large Sultana raisin, and may be
preserved for twelve months. Morello has beeniu this country about two
and a half centuries. It is said to be named after the mulberry (Morns), on
account of the colour of its juice. Waterloo, raised by Mrs. T. P. Stackpole,
a daughter of Mr. Knight, who was then President of the Horticultural
Society, and named the cherry because it first boi-e fruit in 1S15, the year
that victory was achieved. Black Eagle, raised about the year 1S0G, by
Miss E. Knight, daughter of the gentleman just mentioned. Its parents
were a Bigarreau, fertilised by pollen from a May Duke. Black Tartarian,
believed to have been brought from Russia in tire year 3796 by the late Mr.
John Fraser. Downton, raised by Mr. Knight, at Downton Castle, and first
fruited in 1822. It was produced from a seed either of the Waterloo or
Elton. Elton, raised by tlic same gentleman, and fruited in 1806: its
mother parent was the Graffion, and its pollen parent, the White Heart.
Florence, imported from the Italian state the name of which it bears, by
Mr. Houblon, of Hollingbury-place, Essex. Harrison’s Heart, introduced
by Mr Harrisoii when ho returned from the Presidency of Madras in 1719.
Whence ho obtained it is uncertain, but not from Southern India, for there
are no cherries there. It was first cultivated at his scat, Balls, in Hereford¬
shire. He presented trees of it to George I., and these were flourishing in
Kensington Gardens in 1800. Small Black, known locally as the Black
Mazzard and as the Merries, from the French name “Merise.” In Essex
aud Suffolk it is called tho Polstead, from the quantities grown about that
village.
For the following selected list of cherries and the months in which they
ripen we are indebted to Dr. Hogg's “ Fruit Manual ” :—
June.—. Belle d’Orleans, Early Purple Gean, Baumann's May, Early
Prolific, Werder’s Early Black, and Bowyer’s Early Heart.
Jit hr. —Knight’s Early Black. Black Tartarian, Waterloo, Governor Wood,
Belle de Choisy, May Duke, Jeffrey’s Duke, Cleveland Bigarreau, Rockport
Bigarreau, Black Eagle, Elton, Osceola, Royal Duke, Delicate, Duchess de
Pallnau, Monstrous Heart, Joc-o-sot, Mammoth, Til ary, and Bigarreau.
A ugust . — Late Duke, Florence, Kennicott, Red Jacket, and Tecum sell.
September. — Coe’s L -.te Carnation, Buttncr’s Yellow, Bigarreau aeHiiders-
heirn, and Belle Agathe.
MAY
OP THE C: ATLANTIQUE ” AT BRIGHTON.—PHOM “ THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.
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0 0
„ 800
„ 1000 ..
50
0 0
,, 1000 and
upwards
CO
0 0
Contracts
to serve as
Artificers,
Servants, Clerks, Mechanics, or La¬
bourers, in the British Colonies are
exempted from Stamp-duty.
PROTESTS.
Bill or Note:— *. d.
For £20 and under £100 .. 3 0
„ 100 „ 500 ..5 0
,, 500 or upwards .. .. 10 0
Of any other kind .. .. 5 0
Bills of Lading (which cannot
be stamped after execution) 0 6
Charterparty.5 0
(Charterparty may bo stamped
within fourteen days after execution
free of penalty : within one month,
£10 penalty ; after one month, can¬
not be stamped.)
CHEQUES, DRAFTS, OR ORDERS ON DEMAND.
All Drafts, Warrants, or Orders for tlie payment of money, arc charge¬
able with a Stamp-duty of one penny, by using an adhesive receipt stamp,
which must be cancelled by the person drawing the cheque, draft, or order,
by writing his name on the stamp.
NEWSPAPERS.
By the 16th and 17th Viet., c. 63, s. 2, no higher Stamp-duty than one
penny shall be chargeable on any newspaper printed on one sheet of paper
containing a superficies not exceeding 2295 inches. The superficies in all
cases to be one side only of the sheet of paper, and exclusive of the margin
of the letterpress.
A supplement published with a newspaper duly stamped with, one penny
duty, such supplement being printed on one sheet of paper only, and
together with the newspaper containing in the aggregate a superficies not
exceeding 2295 inches, shall be free from Stamp-duty. *
Any other supplement to a duly-stamped newspaper shall not be charge¬
able with a higher Stamp-duty than one halfpenny, provided it does not
contain a superficies exceeding 114S inches.
And any two supplements to a duly-stamped newspaper shall not bo
chargeable with a higher Stamp-duty than one halfpenny on each, pro¬
vided each supplement bo printed and published on one sheet of paper only,
and that they contain together a superficies not exceeding in the aggregate
2295 inches.
No paper containing news, <$rc., is to be deemed to be a newspaper within
the 6th and 7th Wm. IV., c. 70, or any Act relating to Stamp-duties on
newspapers, unless the same shall be published periodically, or in parts or
numbers at intervals not exceeding twenty-six days between, the publica¬
tion of any such two parts or numbors.
LETTER OR POWER OF ATTORNEY.
Letter or Power of Attorney, or commission or factory in the £ s. d.
nature thereof.•• 1100
And where the same, together with any schedule or other matter
put or endorsed thereon, or annexed thereto, shall , contain 2160
words or upwards, then for every entire quantity of 10S0 words con¬
tained therein, over and above the first 10S0 words, a further pro¬
gressive duty at 20s. under 55th George III., but under Act of 1S50 0 10 0
r
THE ILLUSTRATED LOUDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
STAMP AUD OTHER GOVERNMENT DUTIES ( Continued).
BONDS AND MORTGAGES.
Not exceeding 1 _£50 .. Is. 8d. i Exc. £150 and not cxc. £200 .. 5s. Od.
Exc. £60 and not exc. 100 .. 2 6 „ 200 „ 250 ..6 3
„ 100 ,, 150 ..8 0 I ,, 250 „ 300 .. 7 0
And where the same shall exceed £300, then for every £100, and also for
any fractional part of £100, 2s. Gd.
And where any such bond or mortgage shall contain 2160 words or
upwards, then for every entire quantity of 10S0 words contained theroin
over and above the first 10S0 words there shall be charged the further pro¬
gressive duty following : viz., where such bond or mortgage shall be charge¬
able with any ad valorem stamp-duty, not exceeding 10s., a further pro¬
gressive duty equal to the amount of such ad valorem duty or duties. And
in every other case a further progressive duty of 10s. See, as to Inland
Revenue Bonds, the 18th and 19th Viet., c. 78, s. 6.
LICENCES.
For Marriage, if special
Ditto, if not special
For Bankers
For Pawnbrokers, within the
limits of the twopenny post
Ditto, Elsewhere
Ditto, within the City of
Dublin, and Circular Road ..
For Hawkers and Pedlars, on
foot .
Ditto, with one horse, ass, or
mule.
15 0
7 10
4 0
0
£
5 0 For Appraisers.2
0 10 Stage CaiTiago Licence, for
80 0 carriage.3
Hackney CaiTiago Licence, for
every carriage, yearly duty.. 1
Ditto weekly duty, including
Sunday.0
7 10 Ditto, ditto, excepting Sunday 0
Soiling Beer, to be drunk on
the Premises.3
Ditto, not to bo drunk on the
Promises .1
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS —STAMP DUTIES ON.
On petition for grant of letters-patent . £5 0 0
On certificate of record of notice to proceed . 5 0 0
On warrant of law officer for letters-patent .. . . .. .. 5 0 0
On the sealing of letters-patent 500
On specification . 500
On the letters-patent, or a duplicate thereof, before the expiration
of the third year. 50 0 0
On the letters-patent, or a duplicate thereof, before the expiration
of the seventh year . . 100 0 0
On certificate of record of notice of objections .2 0 0
On certificate of every search and inspection .0 10
On certificate of entry of assignment or liconco .0 5 0
On certificate of assignment or licence .0 5 0
On application for disclaimer.500
On caveat against disclaimer .200
On office copies of documents, for every ninety words .. .. 0 0 2
PROPERTY AND INCOME TAX
From April, 1S60, to April, 1861, all incomes amounting to and exceeding
£100 per annum are taxed at the rate of lOd. in the pound. ;
Exemption of' Premiums from Income-Tax .—Under a recent Act of
Parliament, the premiums paid by a person for an Assurance on his own life,
or on the life of Iris wife, or for a Deferred Annuity to his Widow, are
declared free from Income-tax, provided such Premiums do not exceed one-
sixth of his returnable income.
SUCCESSION DUTY.
The Succession Duty Act grants the following duties to her Majesty, and
they are to be considered as stamp duties :—Where the succession shall be
the lineal issue or lineal ancestor of the predecessor, a duty at the rate of
£1 per centum upon such value ; where the succession shall be a brother or
sister, or a- descendant of a brother or sister, of the predecessor, a duty at
the rate of £3 per centum upon such value ; where the succession shall be
a brother or sister of the father or mother, or a descendant of a brother or
sister of the father or mother, of the predecessor, a duty at the rate of £5
per centum upon such value; where the succession shall be a brother or
sister of the grandfather or grandmother, or a descendant of the brother or
sister of the grandfather or grandmother, of the predecessor, a duty at the
rate of £6 per centum upon such value ; and where the succession shall be
in any other degree of collateral consanguinity to the predecessor than is
described, or shall bo described, or shall be a stranger in blood to him, a
duty at the rate of £10 per centum upon such value. There is an inter¬
pretation clause of the terms, &c., used in the Act. The term “personal
propertyis not to include leaseholds, but shall include money ; and the
term “ property ” is to include real and personal property, real estates, and
all other property.
DUTIES PAYABLE ON INHABITED HOUSES OF THE ANNUAL
VALUE OF £20, OR UPWARDS.
The duty is 6d. in the pound in respect of dwelling-houses occupied by
any person in trade who shall expose to sale and sell any goods in any shop
or warehouse, being part of the same dwelling-house, and in front and on
the ground or basement story thereof; or by a person licensed to sell theroin,
by retail, beer, &c. ; or as a farmhouse by a tenant, or farm servant, and
bond fide used for the purpose of husbandry only.—The duty is 9d. in the
pound for dwelling-houses not occupied and used for any of the purposes
described in the preceding.
DUTIES ON LEGACIES, &c.,
Of the value of £20 per cent or upwards.
To children or their descendants, or lineal ancestors of the deceased £10 0
Brother or sister, or their descendants .. ... . „ .. ..300
Uncle or aunt, or their descendants ..5 0 0
Grand uncle or aunt, or their descendants .0 0 0
All other relations, or strangers .10 0 0
The husband or wife of the deceased not chargeable with duty.
MALE SERVANTS.
For overv servant above IS years of age, annually
Ditto. under 18 years of age ,,
£110
0 10 6
ARMORIAL BEARINGS.
When chargeable to carriage duty at £3 10s. (annually)
When not so chargeable.
£2 12 9
0 13 2
DOGS.
For every dog of whatever description or denomination .. .. £0 12 0
Provided always, that no person shall be chargeable with duty to any
greater amount than £39 12s. for any number of hounds, or £9 for any
number of greyhounds, kept by him in any year.
Exemptions .—Any person in respect of any dog bond fide and wholly kopt
and used in the care of sheep or cattie, or in driving or removing the same;
provided no such dog shall be a greyhound, hound, pointer, setting dog,
spaniel, lurcher, or terrier.
HORSES LET TO HIRE.
(Omnibuses and Cabs excepted.)
Where tlio person taking out the licence shall keep at one and the £ »• A
same time to let for hire one horse or one cairiagc only .. .. 7 10 0
Where such person shall keep any greater number of horses or car¬
riages, not exceeding two horses or two carriages .. .. 12 10 0
Not exceeding four horses or three carriages. 20 0 0
Not exceeding eight horses or six carriages. 30 0 0
Not exceeding twelve horses or nine carriages . 40 0 0
Not exceeding sixteen horses or twelve carnages. 50 0 0
Not exceeding twenty horses or fifteen carriages.GO 0 0
Exceeding fifteen carriages . .7000
Exceeding twenty horses, then for every additional numbor of ten
horses, and for any additional number less than ton over and
above twenty, the further additional duty of .10 0 0
DUTIES ON HORSES AND MULES. £ 8 . d.
For every horse kept or used for racing . .. 3 17 0
For every other horse, and for every mule, exceoding respectively
the height of thirteen hands of four inches to each hand, kept
for the purpose of riding, or drawing any carriage chargeable
with duty .. . .110
For every horse and mule exceeding the height of thirteen hands,
kept for any other purpose . 0106
For every pony or mule not exceeding the height of thirteen
hands, kept for the purpose of riding, or drawing any carriage
chargeable with duty.0 10 G
And for every pony or mule kept for any other purposo .. .. 0 5 3
Exemptions .—Any horses or mules kept solely for the purposes of trade
or husbandry.
DUTIES ON CARRIAGES.
For overy carnage with four wheels, where drawn by two or more
horses or mules.
Where drawn by one horse or mule only .
For every carriage with four wheels, each being of less diameter
than thirty inches, where drawn by two or more ponies or
mules, neither of them exceeding thirteen hands in height ..
Where drawn by one such pony or mule only .
For overy carriage with less than four wheels, where drawn by
two or more horses or mules .. .. :
Where drawn by one horse or mule only .
Where drawn by one pony or mule not exceeding thirteen hands
in height.0 10
Carriages kept and used solely for the purpose of boing let for
hire, one half of the above-mentioned duties respectively.
For any carriage with four wheels used by any common carrier
And where tlio same shall have less than four wheels
Exemptions .—Any waggon, van, cart, or other carnage, to bo used solely
in the course of trade or husbandry.
£ s.
d.
3 10
0
2 0
0
1 15
0
1 0
0
2 0
0
0 15
0
0 10
0
2 G
8
1 G
8
STAGE CARRIAGES.
Original yearly liconce for .£3 3 0
Supplementary licence for .0 10
Duty per milo .. •..0 0 1
No compounding for those duties is henceforward allowable.
HACKNEY CARRIAGES.—(CABS.)
Fares by Distance.— Carnages drawn by ono horse—For any distance
within and not exceeding one mile, Gd. ; for any distance exceeding one
mile, Gd. for every mile, and for every part of a mile over and above any
number of miles completed within a circumference of four miles from
Charing-cross. Is. per mile for every mile or part of a mile beyond the four-
mile circumference when discharged beyond that circumference.
• Fare by Time. —2s. for any time not exceeding one hour; Gd. for overy
fifteen minutes over the hour.
For every hackney carriage drawn by two horses onc-third above the
rates and fares hereinbefore mentioned.
The fares to be paid according to distance or time, at the option of the
hirer, to bo expressed at the commencement of the hiring ; if not otherwise
expressed, the fare to be paid according to distance.
No driver shall bo compellable to hire his carriage for a faro to bo paid
according to time between eight o’clock in the evening and six in the
morning.
When more than two persons shall be carried inside any hackney car¬
riage, Gd. is to be paid for each person above two for the whole hiring, in
addition to the above fares. Two children under ten years of ago to be
counted as one adult person.
When more than two persons shall be carried inside any hackney carriage
with more luggage than can be carried inside the carriage, a further sum of
2d. for every package earned outside the said carriage is to be paid by the
hirer in addition to the above fares.
35
CU 8T.
7 45
-1 28,7 43
4 2!) 7 41
4 31 7 40
4 32 7 38
4 34 7 36
4 35j 7 34
4 37 7 32
4 38 7 31
1 Tttses.
Rets
Ace
London "Bridce.
Liverpool Dock.
; Aftern.
Aftern.
Djs
Morn.
I Aftern.
Morn.
Afteru.
11
48
4
14
24
8
57
9
36
6
14
6
53
Morn.
5
8
25
10
15
10
53
7
31
8
10
0
44
5
52
26
11
32
8
46
9
15
1
52
1 6
28
27
0
8
0
37
9
41
10
4
3
5
! g
57
28
1
3
1
26
10
26
10
48
4
24
I 7
19
©
1
48
2
10
11
8
11
28
5
40
i 7
39
1
2
30
2
50
11
47
7
10
7
57
2
3
9
3
27
0
5
0
24
8
30
8
14
3
3
46
4
3
0
41
1
1
9
56
8
33
4
4
23
4
44
1
22
1
42
11
19
8
55
5
5
4
5
24
2
2
2
23
Aftern.
9
24
6
5
45
6
6
2
44
3
8
2
7
10
0
D
6
30
6
55
3
33
4
1
3
21
10
47
8
7
23
7
53
4
31
5
9
4
22
11
48
,9
8
31
9
14
5
52
6
35
5
10
M orn.
10
9
57
10
42
7
20
8
5
5
47
0
59
11
11
27
8
45
9
17
6
13
2
15
12
0
7
0
39
9
44
10
10
6
35
3
33
13
1
6
1
32
10
32
10
52
6
52
4
49
O
1
54
2
14
11
11
11
30
7
6
6
2
15
2
33
2
52
11
47
7
21
7
13
16
3
9
3
26
0
4
0
20
7
37
8
23
17
3
42
3
58
0
36
0
51
7
54
9
32
18
4
13
4
28
1
6
1
21
8
11
10
41
19
4
43
4
57
1
35
1
50
8
35
11
49
20
5
12
5
28
2
6
2
22
9
6
Aftern.
21
5
44
6
2
2
40
2
57
9
43
1
59
«
6
19
6
40
3
18
3
41
10
32
2
56
23
7
3
7
30
4
8
4
42
11
33
3
44
24
8
4
8
46
5
24
6
7
Morn.
4
23
25
9
29
10
14
6
52
7
36
M
J
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE FRUITS OF THE SEASON.
JULY AND AUGUST.
Now is the harvest time of our non-keeping fruit—the gooseberry, that
berry quite supreme for making pies I
First in ths spring thy leava^wero 3?en,
Thou beauteous bath, no early^gteeh' !
Soon ceased thy blossom’s little life <>{• love,
^ O sa^er Ilian tho Alcidea-oonquered tree, •
That j.Tew the pride of the Hesperian grove,
No dragon does there need for. thee,
With quintessential sting to work alarms,'
And guaul thy fruit so due.
Thou vegetable porcupine 1
And didetihou scratch thy tendorarma,
O Jane, that I should dine!
The flour, the sugar, Aud the fruit.
Commingled well, how well thy stilt !
Aud they were well bestowed :
O -ana • with truth I praise your pie
And will not you, iu just reply,
Praise my Pindaric ode ?
Passing from poetic wit to more useful prose, wo may observe that the
gooseberry U cultivated in greater perfection in Lancashire than in any
other part of Britain ; and, next to Lancashire, the climate and treatment
in the Lothians seom to suit this fruit. In Spain and Italy this' fruit is
scarcely known. Iii ■ Franco it is neglected and little esteemed. In some
parte of Germany and Holland the moderate temperature and humidity of
the climate seem to suit the gooseberry ; but in no country is its size and
beauty improved to the extent they are in Lancashire. I)r. Neill observes
that when foreigners are shown our Lancashire gooseberries they are ready
to regard them as berries of quite a different kind from the gooseberry of
the Continent. In Lancashire, and some parts of the adjoining counties,
especially; Yorkshire, almost every cottager who has a garden cultivates the
gooseberry with a view to. gaining someone or more of the prizes, con¬
sisting of copper kettles aud other household chattels, givep pc what are
called “Gooseberry Prize Meet jugs;” Of these meetings an" account is
published annually, recording, the names, weights, aud growers of the
successful varieties. It is called “The Manchester Gooseberry’Book,” and
is really an interesting portidn of our periodical literature. There are
much larger prizes than thoso we haVe mentioned, and the whole pro¬
ceedings of these gooseberry exhibitors are reduced to a very business-like
system. The exhibitions are in August, when the fruit is weighed, tasted,
and the prizes awarded. At these shows the size of the berries exhibited
is enormous. For example. Roaring Lion, a smooth red variety, has reached
the weight of 31 dwts. lb grairls ; and London, also a red berry, 36 dwts 16
grains. This was grown by Mr. Elliot, of Qrmsdale, in lS4f>. Wo believe
that this weight has never be surpassed, and that it remains “ the champion
berry of England.” For all culinary purposes the red Warrington is the
best in colour as well as flavour. '
Currants have only risen into estimation within the last century and a
half, for even as late as 1675 Worlidge, in his “Vinetum Britaunicum,”
says :—“The English curran, once in esteem, is now cast out of all good
gardens, as is the black, which was never worth anything. The white
curran was not long since in most esteem, until the red Dutch curran
became native to our soil, which is'also improved in some rich moist
grounds that it hath gained a higher name oi the greatest red Dutch
curran. These are the only fruits that arc fitted to be planted for wine
and for the conservatory. - ’ By which lust word Worlidge means the room
where culinary preserves were concocted. Currants have risen in estima¬
tion since the days of Worlidge, and now no common fruit is more fre¬
quently placed iu vhe dessert-dish than tbe white Du cell and Knight's large
red currants. Blapk currants, especially that called the Black Naples, are
our own especial favourites. They were formerly called squiuancy berries,
on account uf their general use for the quinsy and other disorders of the
throat; a use not abandoned even in our day.
Of plums, Gerardo, writing in. 1597, says, “I have in my garden at
Holborn three score sorts, and all strange and rare.” He says there were
many more ; yet ho would have spoken in terms of higher admiration even
than of tliuse “to bo found in the grounds of Master Vincent Pointer, at
Twicknam,” if lie could have' perused the list of one hundred and fifty
varieties now befoto us. Of these, for dessert, the following arc best, not only
in flavour, but as affording a successional supply, arranged in their order of
ripening. We are indebted for the list to Dr. Hogg’s “ Fruit Manual”
July green gage, peach-plum. Do Montfort, Denniston’s superb, Perdrigon
violet hatif, green gage, Huling’s superb, purple gage, transparent gage,
AbriootiSs'de Braunau, Jefferson, Kirke’s, Topaz, Coe’s golden drop, Heine
Claude db Bavay, Cooper’s large, lata Orleans, and Coe’s late red. Wo can
only afford space for notes upon a few of these.
The green gage is known on the Continent as the Reiuo Claudo, and the
origin of its English name is said to he after this manner:—The Gage
family, during the last century, procured from the monks of the Chartreuse
at Paris a collection of fruit-trees. When they reached England the ticket
attached to the Reino Claude was lost. The gardener, when the fruit
ripenod, finding its colour green and its flavour excellent, paid the compli¬
ment to his master of naming it the “green gage.” The name of Reine
Claude was applied because the plum was introduced from Spain into
France by Queen Claude, wife of Francis I.
Tlio perdrigon is one of our oldest plums. Hakluyt, writing in 15S2,
says, “Of later time the plum called perdigwena was procured out of
Italy, with two kinds more, by Lord Cromwell, after his travell.”
The:' Jefferson is an American plum, named in honour of one of their
Presents. #
Kirke’s iB belioved to be of foreign origin, though named after Mr. Kirke,
a nurseryman of Brompton, who first brought it to public notice.
Coo’s, golden drop is not only in highest, perfection when slightly
shrivelled, but has the great merit of being a good keeping plum. M r. Lindley
tells us that, wrapt in soft paper and kept in dry paper, he has eaten this
Jfru.it fixceedingly good in October, twelve mouths after it had been
gathered. It was raised by tho late Gervase Coe, a market-gardener, at
Bnry St. Edmunds. He told Mr. Lindley, a brother market-gardener, that
it came from the stono of a green gage, and tho blossom producing it had
been fertilised by the white magnum bonum.
The Late Orleans must not be confounded with the common Orleans of our
markets. The latter has been a parent of several improved varieties, find
camo originally from the district in Franco similar in name.
Tho apricot, oven as late as the commencement of the present century,
was classed by botanists with the plums ; but they now consider it a distinct
specie, and describe it under the namo of Armeniaca vulgaris. There is no
doubt that it is of Persian and Arabian origin, whence it was introduced to
Italy by the Romans. Pliny, as well as Linnaeus and most modern
botanists, includes amongst plums tho apricot (Prunus armeniaca), a tree
most extensively cultivated, and which sows itself very readily in culti¬
vated grounds over South-eastern Europe, Western Asia, and East India ;
but its native country is very uncertain. Targioni says, on the authority
of Revner, an Egyptian traveller, that it is of African origin, but does not
give the precise locality, and we have neither seen nor heard of any really
wild specimens. The ancients called it Armeniaca, as having been brought
from Armenia into Italy, where it is not indigenous ; also, pr.ecoca, praecoqua,
and prrecocca, and under one or o*her of these names it is mentioned by
Dioscorides, by Galen, by Columella (who is the first who speaks of its culti¬
vation), by Pliny (who, about ten years after Columella, asserts that it had
been introduced into Rome thirty yoars), by Martial, <fec. Democritus and
Diophanes give it the name of bericocca, analogous to the Arabian berkac
and bcrikhacb, the xirobable origin of the Italian names of bacocca, albi-
cocca, and even, according to Cesalpine, barracocca ; and, lastly, Paolo
Egineta, according to Matthioli, has spoken of these fruits under the name
of doracia, Although some of these names, even in modern times, have
been occasionally misapplied to a variety of peach, yet they all properly
designate the apricot, and show that that fruit was known in remote times.
Having never been much appreciated, except for its odour, there was not
in former flays any great propagation of varieties of it. Micheli, however,
under tbe Mediois. enumerates thirteen among the fruits cultivated for the
table of Cosmo III.
Dr. William Turner, in 1-"G2, our earliest English writer upon plants, calls
it “ tho abrecok-tree,” and says, “ I have sene many trees of Th}-8 kynde
in Almany (Germany) and som in England, and now the fruith is called of
som Englishe men an abrecok, but I thynk that an hasty (early) peebe is
a better and a fitter name for it. But so that the tre bo weli knowen I
nasse not gretely what name it is knowen by.” It had been brought into
England just thirty-eight years before Dr. Turner wrote, and wo owe it to
Woolf, gardener to Henry VIII , who Imported it from Italy. There are
now twenty-five varieties cultivated in this country, and of these for all
localities south of the Trent Dr. Hogg, in his “ Fruit Manual,” recommends
the following for wallsHemskerk, Kaisha, large earl}’, large red,
Moorpark, peach, pineapple, Royal, Shipley’s, Turkey.
The red raspberry is a native of Eagland; but old Gerarde says, “ It is some¬
times of a white colour.” There aro now twenty-seven varieties known ;
but the following eight are the most worthy of cultivation :— Autumn black,
Carter s prolific, Fastolf, October red, October yellow, Roger’s Victoria,
round Antwerp, aud sweet yellow Antwerp.
The melon is a native of Egypt. It is cultivated (says Haselquist) on the
banks of the Nile, in the rich clayey earth which subsides during the
inundation. The fruit serves tho Egyptians for meat, drink, and physic.
It is eaten in abundance during the season even by the wealthier classes;
but the common poople, on whom Providence has bestowed little beyond
poverty and patience, scarcely eat anything else. They account the
melon season the festival time of the year, as they are obliged to submit to
worse fare at other times. This fruit supplies them also with its
refreshing juice as a drink, and hence we can understand tho regret
expressed by the Israelites (Numbers xi. 5) for this fruit. Its pleasant
liquor must have often quenched their thirst, and might be appropriately
lingered for in the wilderness. It is not only possible, but probable, that a
knowledge of die melon may have been brought to England from Palestine
by the Crusaders ; but it is quite a mistake of Gough, in his “British
Topography.” to state that melons were commonly grown here in the reign
of Edward III. Any one referring to Lyte’s “ Herbal” will soon perceive,
even iu the sixteenth century, tho name of melon was applied solely to
what we now designate gourds and pompions. The “muske melon” of
our old authors is the fruit we now cultivate as the melon. It was intro¬
duced here from Italy about the year 1520, and Gerarde, writing in 1597,
says that he saw at the Queen’s house at St. James’s very many ripe,
“ through the diligent and curious nourishing of them by a skilful gentle¬
man, the keeper of the said house, called Master Fowle.” “ The best seede.”
says Parkinson, dee come to us out of Spaine. Some have come out of
Turkey, but they have been nothing so good and kindly. Some are called
sugar melons, others peare melons, and others muske melons. They have
formerly been eaten only by great personages, becauso the fruit was not
only delicate but rare, and therefore divtrs were brought from France,
and since were noureed up by the King’s or noblemen’s gardeners onely, to
serve for their masters’ delight ; but new divers others that have skill and
convenience of ground for them doe plant them and make them more
common.” “They cut out. the inwardc pulpe, aud cate it with salt, and
pepper, and good store of wine, or elso it will hardly digest ! ” Equally
indigestible was the only melon cultivated in the early part of the x>reseut
century, for at that time none other was grown than the rock or can teloupe ;
hut wo have now fallen upon better times, and have many tender-fleshed,
luscious varieties. A very nice little melon was sent out some time ago by
the Horticultural Society, called tho mesulapatam, or something like that.
Mr. Fleming’s hybrids arc generally fine-flavoured, but rather too pumpkin
or vegetable-marrow looking. Tho Victory of Bath is a good melon, but
with tho long vegetable-marrow shape. The Bromham hall, the Beech-
wood. the golden ball, and many of the Persians, are most delicious when
well ripened under a bright sun and a dry atmosphere. Kinds like the
Egyptian are very useful for small families, as, being small, many are
produced in little space.
So far from melons being now cultivated “ by King’s and noblemen’s
gardeners only,” that we now see slices of them and of pineapples hawked
about, and upon the street-stalls, at a Denny each. Strange vicissitudes
have we seen in those stalls, and fully do wc sympathise with the old
remembrancer who writes—“What a goodly sight was Holbom-liill in my
time ! Then there was a comely row of fruit-stalls, skirting the edge of the
pavement from opposite tho steps of 8fc. Andrew’s Church to the corner of
Shoe-lane. The fruit stood on tables covered with white cloths, and placed
end to end in one long line. The pears aud apples were neatly piled in
4 ha’porths,’ for then there were no x>cnny worths ; a ‘ pen’orth’ would have
been more than sufficient for moderate eating at one time. First of the
pears came the 4 ripe Kai ’er’cns; ’ these were succeeded by 4 fine Windsors ’
and 4 real Bergamys.’ Apples came in with 4 green codlins,’ then followed
4 golden rennet?,’golden x>ippens,' and 4 ripe numparcl?.’ ” Such golden
X>ippins as were then sold three and four for a halfpenny are now worth
pence each, and tlio true golden rennet, can only be heard of at great
fruiterers. The decrease in the growth of this excellent apple is one of tho
“signs of the times.”
38
1
JULY AND AUGUST
THE ILLUSTRATED LOUDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES.
JANUARY.
The Sun was at it3 shortest distance from the Earth on Dec. 31, 1S60.
It is situated south of the Equator, and moving northward. It passes from
the sign of Capricornus to that of Aquarius on Jan. 20 at Oh. 18m. a.m.
The Moon is to the south of Saturn at 7h. 44m. p.m. of the 1st; to the
south of Venus at 5h. 30m. p.m. of the Sfch; to the south of Mercury at
lh. 48m. a m. of the 10th ; to the north of Mars at 3h. 23m. p.m. of the 17th ;
to the north of Uranus at Oh. 52m. a. m of the 22nd ; to the south of Jupiter
at llh. 48m. p.m. of the 27th ; and to the south'of Saturn at Oh. 58m. a.m.
of the 29th. It is nearest the Earth at 8h. p.m. of the 2nd; at its greatest
distance at 5h. p.m. of the 17th; and again at its least distance at llh. a.m.
of the 20th.
Last Quarter occurs at 54 minutes past 1 on the morning of the 4th.
New Moon „ 27 „ 3 on the morning of the llth.
First Quarter ,, 0 „ 4 on the morning of the lOtli.
Full Moon ,, 7 ., 5 on the afternoon of the 26th.
Mercoky is in tho constellation of Ophiucus at the beginning of the
month, whence ic passes to Capricornus at the end of the month. It is
near to the Moon on the morning of tho 10th ; in aphelion on the morning
of tli8 12th; and in superior conjunction to the Sun on the morning of the
31st. It is not favourably situated for tho telescopic examiner this month.
Venus is equally badly situated for examination, nor are its phases so
interesting at present as to present anything worthy of notice. It is situated
in Scorpio at the beginning of the month, and near the head of Sagittarius
at the end of the month. It is near the Moon on the afternoon of the 8 th.
Mars sets almost exactly at the same moment throughout the month. It
is in the constellation of Pisco3 throughout the month. It is near the Moan
on the afternoon of the 17th, and close to Epsilon Piscium at 4b. 5m. p.m.
of the 30th,thc star then being !)m. west in It. A.
Jupiter is in the constellation of Leo throughout the month, and very
close to Regulus, the principal star in that group. It is near tile Moon at
midnight of the 27th. It is visible throughout Uio whole night, and a line
telescopic object.
Saturn is likewise situated in the constellation of Leo, but more easterly,
and rises latei\ both from this circumstauCQ and its smaller declination. It
is near the Moon on the afternoon of the 1st and midnight of the 28th.
Uranus is in the constellation of Taurus, and favourably visible through¬
out the night.
Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites.— First satellite, Jan. 2, Oh. 44m. p.m.,
disappearance; fourth satellite, Jan. 4, 8ir. 7m. a.m., disapp. ; third
satellite, Jan. 6, 8k. 2m. a.m., disapp.; second satellite, Jan. 8, 4k. 17m.
a.m., disapp. ; first satellite, Jan. 8, 5h, 0m. a.m., disapp. ; first satellite,
Jan. 9, llh. 37m. p.m., disapp. ; second satellite, Jan. 15, Ok. 53m. a.m.,
disapp.; first satellite, Jan. 15, 7li. 2m. a.m., disapp.; first satellite, Jan. 17,
lh. 31m. a.m., disapp. ; first satellite, Jan. 18, 7h. 50m. p.m., disapp. ;
second satellite, Jan. 18, 8k. 12m. p.m., disapp.; fourth satellite, Jan. 21,
2h. 7m. a.m., disapp. ; first satellite, Jan. 24, 3k. 24m. a.m., disapp ; first
satellite, Jan. 25, 9k. 53m. p.m., disapp.; second satellite, Jan. 25, loll 49m.
p.m., disapp.; third satellite, Jan. 27, 7k. 50m. p.m , disapp. ; first satellite,
Jan. 31, Oh. ISm. a.m., disapp.
FEBRUARY.
The Sun passes from the sign of Aquarius to that of Pisces on Feb. 18 at
2h. 55m. p.m. It is situated south of the Equator, and moving northward.
The Moon is a little to the north of Venus on tho evening of the 7th ; to
tho north of Mercury on the afternoon of tho 10th; to tho north of Mars on
the afternoon of the 15th; to the north of Uranus on the evening of the
18 th; to the south of Jupiter on the morning of the 24th ; to the south of
Saturn on tho morning of the 25th. It is at its greatest distance from the
Earth at llh. a.m. of the 14th, and at its least distance at lh. n.m. of the 26th.
Last Quarter occurs at 59 minutes past 0 on the morning of the 2nd.
New Moon ,, 5 „ 8 on the afternoon of the 9th.
Fust Quarter „ 10 „ midnight of the 17 th.
Full M oou „ 43 ,, 4 on the morning of the 25th.
Mercury is in the constellation of Capricornus at the beginning of the
month, whence it passes through that of Aquarius to Pisces, where it is
situated at the end of the month. It is 5 deg. 12m. south of the Moon at
4k. 56m. p.m. of tho 10th; in perihelion at lOn. 32m. a m. of the 25fck ; and
at its greatest easterly elongation at 4k. 26m. 2 >.m. of the 27th. It is an
evening star during this month, and may probably be visible to the naked
eye at the end of February, when it sets due east.
Venus is in the constellation of Sagittarius at the beginning of the month,
and in Capricornus at the end. It is 32m. south of the Moon at 8h. p m. of
the 7 th. It is badly situated for observation, being too near the Sun and
at its greatest distance from the Earth.
Mars is still the evening star, and sets almost exactly at the same instant
throughout the month.. Although greatly faded from the lustre it possessed
during the past year, it is still a conspicuous object in the western p.ky
during the evenings. It is in the constellation of Pisces at the beginning
and in that of Aries at the end of tho month. It is 5 deg. 2m. soutu of the
Moon on the afternoon of the 15th.
Jupiter is now the brightest object in the heavens, arriving in opposition
with the Sun, and being at its shortest distance from the Earth at 5k. 41m.
p.m. of the 10th. It is 3 deg. 51m. north of the Moon at 4k. 14m. a.m. of
the 24th. It is in the constellation of Leo throughout tho month, a little
to the north and west of Regulus. It is visible throughout the wholo of tho
night.
Saturn is also visible throughout tho whole night, rising shortly after
sunset at the end of the month. It is likewise situated in the constella¬
tion of Leo. It is in opposition to the Sun and at its groatest brilliancy at
5k. 13m. p.m. of the 24th. It is 6 deg. Cm. north of the Moon on tho morn¬
ing of the 25 th.
Uranus is in the constellation of Taurus throughout tho month, and
favourably situated for observation. It arrives at its stationary point on
the 14th, is in quadrature with the Sun on tho afternoon of the 26th, and
3 deg. 30m. south of the Moon at Gh. 23m. p.m. of the 18fck.
Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites.— First satellite, Feb. I, llh. 46m. p.m.,
disappearance; second satellite, Feb. 2, lh. 25m. a.m., disapp.; first satellite,
Feb. 3, Gh. 15m. p.m., disapp.; third satellite, Feb. 3, llh. ^4m. p.m., disapp. ;
fourth satellite, Feb. 6, 8h. 7m. p.m., disapp.; first satellite, Feb. 7, 71i. 11m.
a.m., disapp.; first satellite, Fob. 9, lh. 40m. a m., disapp. ; second satellite,
Feb. 9, 4k. 2m. a.m., disapp. ; second satellite, Feb. 12, 8h. 13m. p.m., reap¬
pearance; first satellite, Fod. 16, 5h. 49m.a.in., reapp. ; first satellite, Feb 18
| Oh. 17m. a.m., reapp. ; first satellite, Feb. 10, 6k. 46m. p.m.,’reapp. ; second
I satellite, Feb. 19, lOh. 50m. p.m., reapp. ; fourth satellite, Feb. 23, Ch. 52 :n.
n.m., reapp.; first satellite, Feb. 25, 2k. 11m. a.m., reapp. ; fi:st satellite,
Feb. 26, 8fi. 40m. p.m., reapp. ; second satellite, Feb. 27, lh. 27m. a.m., reapp.
MARCH.
The Sun is situated south of the Equator and in the sign of Pisces until
2h. 47m. p.m. of March 20, when it passes into the sign of Aries, and is then
north of the Equator, and spring quarter commences.
The Moon is to the nortn of Venus on the morning of the 10th; to the
north of Mercury on the morning of the 12 th; to the north of Mars shortly
before noon of the 16th; to the north of Uranus on the morning of the 18th ;
to the south of Jupiter on the morning of the 23rd; and to the south of
Saturn on the afternoon of the 24th. It is at its greatest distance from the
Earth at midnight of the 13th, and at its least distance at midnight of
the 26th.
Last Quarter occurs at 16 minutes past 7 on the evening of the 3rd.
New Moon ,, 38 „ 1 on ike afternoon of the llth.
First Quarter „ 32 „ 5 on the afternoon of the 10th.
Full Moon 15 ., 2 on the afternoon of the 26th.
Mercury is in the constellation of Pisces at the beginning of the month,
and the borders of the same constellation and that of Aquarius at the end
of the month. It is very favourably situated for observation at the begin¬
ning of the month, setting almost due west and nearly two hours after the
Sun. It is at its stationary point on the morning of the oth, after which it
is moving towards the west. It is 1 deg. llm. south of the Moon at Oh. 6m.
a.m. of the 12th; in inferior conjunction with the Sun on the morning of
the lGfch ; 4 deg. north of Venu3 at 7k. a.m. of the 22nd; and stationary on
the afternoon of the 28 th.
Venus is too near the Sun and at too great a distance from the Earth to
be a conspicuous object. It is in the constellation of Capricornus at the
beginning of the month, and in that of Pisces (very close to the equinoctial
point) at the end of tho month. It is in aphelion on the morning of the
0th ; it is 5 deg. 10m. south of the Moon on the morning of the 10th at
Oh. 57 m.
Mars is still a conspicuous object in the westerly sky shortly after sunset,
and sets almost exactly at the same instant on successive nights throughout
the month. It is in the constellation of Aries at the beginning and in that
of Taurus at the end of the month. It is a little to the south of the Moon
on the 16th.
Jupiter still holds the supremacy in point of brightness, and is visible
throughout the night. It is a little to the north cf the Moon on tho 23rd.
It is in the constellation of Leo throughout the month.
Saturn is likewise in the constellation of Leo—the three objects, Jupiter,
Regulus, and Saturn, being nearly in the same straight lino, and near each
other. It is visible throughout the night. It is to tho north of the Moon
on the evening of the 24th.
Uranus is 3 deg. 24m. south of the Moon at 2h. 35m. a.m. of tho I8bk. It
is visible during the evening. It is in the constellation of Taurus and about
5.V deg. to the north of the principal star of that constellation.
“Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites.—F irst satellite, March4, 4li. 6m. a.m.,
.reappearance ; third satellite, March 4, 7h. 23m. p.m.. reapp.; first satellite,
March 5, 10k. 34m. p.m., reapp.; second satellite, March 0, 4h. 4m. a.m.,
reapp. ; third satellite, March 11, llh. 21m. p.m., reapp. ; first satellite,
March 13, Oh. 20m. a.m., reapp. ; first satellite, March 14, Gli. 57m. p.m.,
reapp.; second satellite, March 16, 7k. 59m. p.m., reapp. ; third satellite,
March 10, 3h. 19m. a.m., reapp. ; first satellite, March 20, 2li. 23m. a.m.,
reapp.; first satellite, March 21,8h. 52m. p.m., reapp.; second satellite, March
23, 10k. 36m. p.m., reapp. ; third satellite, March 26, 3li. 46m. a.m., disap¬
pearance; first satellite,March 27, 4li. 18m. a.m., reapp.; first satellite, March
28,10k. 46m. p.m., reapp.; fourth satellite, March 20, 2h llm. a.m., disapp.;
second satellite, March 31, lh. 13m. a.m., reapp.
APRIL.
The Sun is north of the Equator and in the' sign of Aries until 2h. 54m.
a.m. of April 20, when it losses into that of Taurus.
The Moon is to the nortn of Mercury on the morning of the Sth ; to the
north of Venus on the afternoon of the 9th; to the north of Mars on tho
af lernoon of the 14th, and to the north of Uranus at the same time; to the
south of Jupiter on the evening of the 19th; and to the south of Saturn on
the night of the 20th. It is at its greatest distance from the Earth at 3k.
a.m. of the 10th, and at its least distance at llh. a.m. of tho 24th.
Last Quarter occurs at 24 minutes past 6 on the momiDg of the 2nd.
New Moon ,, 56 ,, 6 on the morning of the 10th.
First Quarter ,, 45 ,, 6 on the morning of tho 18th.
Full Moon ,, 23 ,, 10 on the evening of the 24th.
Mercury is a morning star during this month, rising between four and
five o’clock. It is on the borders of the constellations of Pisces and Aqua¬
rius at the beginning of the month, and in the form :. c onstellation at the
end of the month. It is G deg. south of the Moon ho morning of the
Sth; in aphelion on the morning of the 10th; at its greatest elongation
west at 7k. 8m. p.m. of the 12th, when it will be most favourably seen.
Venus is in the constellation of Pisces at the beginning of the month, and
in that of Aries at the end of the month. It is badly situated for observa¬
tion, and, otherwise, the phase which it now presents to view is not very
interesting, and the disc of the planet very small, it is 7 deg. south of the
Moon on the afternoon of the 9th.
Mars still continues to set nearly at the same time on successive evenings
which it did at the beginning of the year, but is becoming fainter. It is
very close to A' Tauri on the night of the 7th ; very close to Upsilon Tauri
on the night of the 1,2th; 2 deg.” 17m. south of the Moon at 5k. 53m. a m. of
the 14th; close to Tau Tauri on the night of the 15th ; and 1 deg. north
of Uranus on the morning of the 18th. It continues in the constellation of
Taurus throughout the month.
Jupiter continues in the constellation of Leo throughout the month, and
is a very conspicuous object and visible during tho evening. .It arrives at
its stationary point on the morning of the 13th, and is 3 deg. 52m. north of
the Moon at 6k. 29m. p.m. of the 19th.
Saturn is also in the constellation of Leo throughout the month, and
divides with Jupiter the attention of tho observer. It is visible
the night. It is 6 deg. 4m. north of the Moon at llh. 4m. p.m. of the 20th.
Uranus is in tho constellation of Q^aurus throughout tho month. It is
3 deg. south of the Moon on the morning of the 14th, and 1 deg. south of
Mara on the morning of tho 15 th.
(Continued on page 41.1
C
41
PARTRIDGE-SHOOTING.
iii
n.
D.
ANNIVERSARIES, FESTIVALS,
SUN.
MOON.
TIIOH WATER AT
M.
W.
REXURKAI1LE EVENTS.
Rises.
Sets.
Rises.
Seta.
Ap»
ljondon Bridge. 1
"Liverpool Pock.
ill M.
H. M.
Morn.
At tern.
Dys
Mom.
1 At tern.
Morn.
Aitern.
1
s
14th S. aft. Trin.
5 13
6 45
0 42
4 5G 26
10 58:11 36
8 14
8 46
2
M
Great Fire of London, 1666
5 15
6 43
1 59
5 21 2/
—
OO
o
1 9 13
9 39
i 3
lb
British Bank stopped, 1856
5 17
6 41
3 19
5 41 28
0 35
i no i
10 22
4
W
New Style introduced, 1752
5 18
6 39
4 42
GO®
1 23
1 44 10 42
11 1*
5
lb
Old St. Bartholom.
5 20
6 36
6 6
6 19
1
2 4
2 2311 21
11 39 s
6
F
Jupiter riseB 4h. 54m a.m.
5 21
6 34
7 32
6 39
2
2 43
3 11158
—
1 7
S
Battle of Borodino, 1812
5 23
6 32
9 0
7 0
3
3 20
3 40
| 0 18
0 39
8
§
15th S. aft. Trin.
5 25
6 29
10 26
7 28
4
4 1
4 20
0 58
1 18
9
M
Corporation Reform, 18:15
5 26 6 27
11 52
8 1
5
4 40
5 0,
1 38
2 0
10
lb
Great Eastern at Portland,
1859
5 28 6 25
Aftern.
8 46
6
5 22
5 45
2 23
2 47
'll
W
Siege of Delhi, 1857
5 29 6 23
2 16
9 42 D
6 9
6 35
3 13
3 41
12
Tb
400 Lives lost in the Central
American Steamer, 1857
5 31
6 20
3 9
10 51
8
7 3
7 27
4 15
4 55
13
F
Fox died, 1806
5 33
6 18
3 49
Mom.
9
8 17
9 3
5 41
6 28
14
S
Duke of -Wellington d., 1852
5 34
6 16
4 17
0 4
10
9 50
10 38
7 16
7 59
, 15
s
16th S. aft. Trin.
5 36
6 13
4 40
1 21
11
11 21
11 57
8 35
9 3
16
M
Shakspeare’a House told, 1847
5 37
6 11
4 58
2 35
12
—
0 25
9 27
9 50
17
lb
Lambert
5 39
6 9
5 13
3 49
13
0 49
1 12
10 10
10 29
18
W
Renewal of ChineaeWar, 1859
5 41
6 6
5 28
5 014
1 32
1 51
10 46
11 3
19
lb
Battle of Poitiers, 1356
5 42
6 4
5 44
6 90
2 8
2 25
11 19
11 34
20
F
Battle of the Alma, 1854
5 44
6 2
6 0
7 1816
2 41
2 56
11 48
—
21
S
St. Matthew
5 45
6 0
6 19
8 27 17
3 10
3 26
0 4
0 19
,22
s
17th S. aft. Trin.
5 47
5 57
6 40
9 35 18
3 41
3 55
0 33
0 49
23
M
Charles I. dethroned, 1640
5 49
5 55
7 7
10 4319
4 11
4 25
1 3
1 18
24
lb
Lord Hardinge died, 1856
5 50
5 53
7 43
11 46 20
4 40
4 56
1 34
1 51
25
W
St. George’s-in-tlie-Eastclos.,
1859
5 52 5 50
8 25
Aftem.
21
5 13
5 29
2 7
2 26
26
lb
St. Cyprian
5 53 5 48
9 20
1 36 22
5 48
6 7
2 45
3 9
27
F
VenuB sets 6h. 47m. p.m.
5 55
5 46
10 24
2 18 d
6 31
6 57
3 35
4 7
28
S
New River completed, 1613
5 57 5 44
11 37
2 52 24
7 29'
8 10
4 48
5 32
29
s
18th S. a. T. M “
5 58 5 41
Mom.
3 1925
8 54
9 38:
6 16
6 58
30
M;
St. Jerome
6 0 5 39
0 53
3 42 26
10 2011 1
7 39
8 14
THE ILLUSTRATED LOUDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites.—F irst satellite, Aprils, 0h.4lm. a.m.,
reappearance ; first satellite, April 6, 7li. 10m. p.m , reapp.; second
satellite, April 7, 3h. -10m. a.m., reapp. ; first satellite, April 12, 2li. 36m.
a.m., reapp.; first satellite, April 13, 9li. 5m. p.m., reapp.; fourth satellite,
April 14,8h. 13m. p.m., disappearance; fourth satellite, April 15, Oh. 51h. a.m.,
reapp ; third satellite, April 16, 7h. 16m. p.m., reapp. ; second satellite,
April 17, 7h. 44m. p.m., reapp.; first satellite, April 20, 1 lh. 0m. p.m., reapp.;
third satellite, April 23, 7h. 43m. p.m., disapp.; third satellite, April 23,
llh. 15m. p.m., reapp.; second satellite, April 24, 10b. 20m. p.m., reapp.;
first satellite, April 28, Oh. 55m. a.m., reapp.; first satellite, April 29, 7h.
23m. p.m., reapp .; third satellite, April 30, llh. 43m. p.m., disapp.
MAY.
The Sun is north of the Equator and in the sign of Taurus until May 21,
3h. 1m. a.m., when it passes into the sign of Gemini.
The Moon is 7 deg. north of Mercury on the afternoon of the 8th ; 5 deg.
north of Jupiter on the night of the 9fch; 3 deg. north of Uranus on the
afternoon of the 11th; close to Mars on the night of the 12 th ; to the south
of Jupiter on the night of the 16th ; and to the south of Saturn on the night
of the 17tli. It is at its greatest distance from the Earth at 8h. a.m. of the
7th, and at its least distance at 6h. p.m. of the 22nd.
Last Quarter occurs at 32 minutes past 7 on the evening of the 1st.
New Moon „ 8 „ 11 on the evening of the 9th.
First Quarter ,, 3 ,, 4 on the afternoon of the 17th.
Full Moon ,, 6 ,, 6 on the morning of the 24th.
Last Quarter ., 25 ,, 10 on the morning of the 31st.
Mercury is best seen during the mornings at tho beginning of the month,
although it rises at nearly the same time throughout May. It is in the
constellation of Pisces at tho beginning of tho month, and in that of
Taurus at the end. It is 7 deg. south of the Moon on the evening of tho
8th ; in superior conjunction with the Sun on the morning of tho 22nd ; in
perihelion on the morning of the 24th ; 1 deg. north of Venus at 6h. 10m.
a.m. of the 25th; and 1 deg. 13m. north of Uranus on tho morning of the 27fch.
Venus is 5 deg. south of the Moon on the night of the 9tli; in superior
conjunction with the Sun on the afternoon of the 11th; to the south of
Mercury on the morning of the 25th; and almost in conjunction with
Uranus at 5h. 49m. p.m. of the 28th, being then only 5m. north. It is in
the constellation of u lies at tho beginning and in that of Taurus at the
end of the month. It is now very badly situated fur observation, being at
its greatest distance from the Eartb.
Mars is in the constellation of Taurus at the beginning and in that of
Gemini at the end of th3 month. It is now becoming faint and getting out
of view. petting between 10 and 1 1 o’clock at night. It is a litile to the
north of the Moon on tho night of tho 12tb.
Jupiter still continues an evening star, and is a bright object throughout
tho evening. It remains m the constellation of Leo throughout tho mouth.
Jt is iu quadrature with the Sun on tho afternoon of tho Stb, and to the
north of tho Muon on the night of the 16ch.
Saturn is likewise situated in the constellation of Leo, aud a conspicuous
object during the evenings. It arrives at its stationary point at midnight
of the 4 th ; is Gdeg. north of the Moon on the morning of the lstli; and in
quadrature with the Sun on the 24th. Few opportunities will occur for
observing it after this month until its reappearance in tho winter.
Uranus is iu the constellation of Taurus throughout the month. It is
2 deg. 51m. south of the Moon at 6h. 52m. p.m. of tho 11th; is close to
Mercury on the morning of the 27 th; and very close to Venus on the ovening
of the 2Sth.
Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites.— S econd satellite, May 2, Oh. 57m.
a.m., reappearance ; first satellite, May G. 9h. 18ra. p.m., reapp.; first satellite,
May 13, llh. 14m. p.m.. reapp. ; second satellite, May 2G, 10b. 2m. p.m.,
reapp.; first satellite, May 29, 9h. 32m. p.m., reapp.
JUNE.
Tiie Sun is in the sign of Gemini until June 21 at llh. 35m. a.m., whon it
passes into that of Cancer, and the summer quarter commences.
The Moon is near Uranus on the morning of the 8tli; near Venus on tho
morning of tho 9th ; near Mercury on the morning of the 10th ; near Mars
on the afternoon of the 10th; near Jupiter on the afternoon of the 13th;
and near Saturn on the afternoon of the 14th. It is at its greatest distance
from the Earth at lOh. p.m. of the 3rd, and at its least distance at 4h. p.m.
of the 19th.
New Moon occurs at 38 minutes past 1 on the afternoon of the 8th.
First Quarter ,, 1G ,, 10 on cho evening of the 15th.
Full Moon ,, 23 ,, 2 on the afternoon of tho 22nd.
Last Quarter ,, 40 ,, 2 on the morning of the 30th.
Mercury is an evening shir through on 1 : this month, and will bo favour¬
ably situated for observation about the middle of it, when it sots at 10
o’clock. It is in tho constellation of Taurus at the beginning of the month,
whence it passes into that of Gemini, and is in Cancer at tho end of June.
It is close to Epsilon Geminorum at 3h. 30m. p.m. of the 9th; 1 deg. 41m.
north of the Moon at 7h. 12m. a.m. of the 10th; 34m. north of Mars at
Gh. 15m. p.m. of tho 15th; and at its greatest elongation on the morning of
tho 25th.
The phases o: \ enus continue uninteresting, and the planet is badly
situated for obso *v, on. It is in the constellation of Taurus (near Beta) at
the beginning of the month aud in that of Gemini at tho end. It is 1 deg.
3m. south of the Moon at 5h. 47m. a.m. of the 9th, and in perihelion at llh.
a.m. of the 29th.
Mars now disappears in the rays of the Sun, and will scarcely be visible
after the beginning of the month. It is l deg. 16m. north of the Moon at
5h. Cm. p.m. of the 10 th. It is in the constellation of Gemini at the beginning
and in that of Cancer at the end of the month.
Jupiter still continues visible in the western heavens during the
evenings. It continues in the constellation of Leo throughout the month,
and is approaching the principal star (Regulus) of that group. It is 4 deg.
36m. north of the Moon at 4h. 23m. p.m. of the 13th.
Saturn is likewise visible in tho western sky during the evenings, in the
constellation Leo. It is G deg. 25m. north of the Moon at2h. 45m. p.m. of
the 14th.
Uranus is in conjunction with the Sun on the afternoon of the 2nd, and
will remain invisible for some time. It is south of the Moon on the morning
of the 8th. It remains in the constellation of Taurus during this month.
Eclipses of Juptier’s Satellites.—T hird satellite, June 5, llh. 11m.
p.m., reappearance; first satellite, Junes, llh. 28m. p.m., reapp.; fourth
satellite, June 20, 8h. 24m. p.m., disappearance; first satellite, Juno 21,
9h. 46m. p.m., reapp.; second satellite, June 27, 9h. 40m. p.m., reapp.
JULY.
, The Sun is in the sign of Cancer until 10b. 31m. p.m. of the 22nd, when it
j passes into that of Leo. It is north of the Equator during this month, but
1 moving southwards. It is at its greatest distance from the Earth at noon
[ of the 3rd. An eclipse of tho Sun occurs on the 7fch, which is invisible at
j London.
The Moon is near Uranus on the 6th ; near Mars on the 9th, and close to
1 Venus aud Mercury at the same time : near Jupiter on the morning of the
. 11th, and near Saturn at midnight of the same date. It is at its greatest
1 distance from the Earth at 3 p.m. of July 1; at its least distance at sh. a.m.
1 of the lGth, and again at its greatest distance at 9h. a.m. of the 29th.
New Moon occurs at 12 minutes past 2 on the morning of the 8th.
First Quarter „ 47 ,, 2 on the morning of tho 15th.
Full Moon ,, 5 „ midnight of the 21st.
Last Quarter ., 51 ,, 7 on the evening of the 29th.
Mercury remains in tho constellation of Cancer throughout the month,
and is favourably situated for observation at the commencement of it,
but is afterwards too near the Sun. It is in nphelion on the morning of the
7th; stationary on tho morning of the 8th; 57m. south of the Sun at
2b. 3Gm. p.m. of the 9th; about 5 deg. south of Venus on the evening of the
10th at lOh. 25m. p.m.; about tho same distance south of Mars on the
morning of the 12th; and in inferior conjunction with the Sun on the
evening of the 22nd.
Venus is in the constellation of Gemini at the beginning, whence it
passes through that of Cancer to Leo, where it is situated at the end of the
month. Its phases at the present time are uninteresting, and it is too near
tho Sun to be a conspicuous object. It is very close to Mars on the night of
the 8th ; .‘5 deg. 20m. north of the Moon on tho morning of the 9th at 1 Oh. 58m. :
close to Regulus at midnight of the 31ot; and near to Jupiter at 8h. a.m. of
August 1, being then 37m. north of that planet.
Mars isnow scarcely visible, rising at 5h. a.m. audsottingat 9h. p.m., and
is otherwise small and faint, nearly a year having elapsed since it was in
opposition. It is in the constellation of Cancer at the beginning and in
that of Leo at tin; end of tho month. It is 3 deg.’4m. north of tho Moon on
tho morning of the 8th at 10b. 30m.
Jui'iter may still bo seen in the north-west and near the horizon shortly
after sunset, and still possesses claims to be considered as the star of the
eve. it remains iu the constellation of Leo throughout tho month, and is
very close to the star Regulus (tho principal one in that group) on the night
of the 21st, and presents a favourable opportunity for comparing the lustre
and co]ou”of the two objects when they are both situated in the same field
of view. It is 5 dog. north of the Moon on the murning of the 11th.
Saturn sets about i wenty minutes after Jupiter, and is in the same part
and constellation of the heavens as that object. If is 6* deg. north of the
Moon on the night of the 11th. Tho two great planets of tho system,
Jupiter and Saturn, are now approaching eaeu other, and will be at their
shortest distance from each other at the latter part of October.
Uranus is still ill tlio constellation of Taurus, and is visible in the early
mornings. It is lM- deg. south of the Moon at 2b. 45m. p.m. of the 5th.
Eclipses of J l piteu's Satellite^— F irst satellite, July 30, 8h. 18m. p.m.,
reaxjpearanee.
AUGUST
The Sun is north of the Equator during this month, and remains in the
sigu of Leo until 6h. jra. a.m. of the 23rd, when it passes into that of Virgo.
Tho Moon is to the horfh of Uranus on tho night of tho 1st; to the north
of Mercury on tiro morning of the 5th; to tho south of Mars on the
morning of the 7th ; to the south of Jupiter at midnight of the 7th;
to the south of Saturn at noon of the stb ; and to the south of Venus at the
same time. Jt is at its least distance from the Earth at 3h. p.m. of the
10th, and at its greatest distance at 4b* a.m. of the 26th.
Now Moon occurs at 54 minutes past noon of the 6th.
First Quarter „ 15 „ 7 on the paorning of the 13th.
Full Moon ,, 51 „ 11 on tho morning of the 20th.
Last Quarter ,,23 ,, i on the afternoon of tho 28th.
Mercury is in the constellation of (lancer at fhe beginning and in that
of Leo at the end of the month. It is most favourably situated for obser¬
vation about tho loth of the month, when it rises at 3 o’clock in the
morning. It is at itn ?■ tationary point on tho evening of the 1st; is ldeg.
44m. south of the Moon on the morning of tho 5th; at its greatest westerly
elongation on the morning of the lltu; and arrives at perihelion on the
morning of tpe 20tli.
Venus is within 20m. of Saturn at Gh. a.m. of the 8th, and both
objects may be scan in the sumo field of view of the telescope. It is G deg.
20m. north of the Moon on tho afternoon of tho Sth at lh. 11m. ; four
minutes (in time) directly east of tho star Beta Yirginis at 8h. 16m. p.m. of
the 21st; and five minutes west of Eta Yirgipis at lh. 56m. p.m. of the 26th.
MarS is now invisible, arriving in conjunction with the Sun on the
morning of the 27th. It is in the constellation of Leo throughout the month,
and near Regulus at the middlo of the month. It is about 5 deg. north of
the Moon on the morning of the 7th, and in conjunction with the Sun at
7h. 9m. a.m. of the 27fch.
Jupiter is also invisible, arriving in conduction with tno Sun at 3h. 45m.
am. of the3lsb. It remains in the cons Foliation of Leo throughout the
month. It is 5 deg. north of the Moon on tho night of the 7th.
Saturn sets so soon after the Sun as to be scarcely visible, so that during
the present month fhe sky is qujte unillumined by planetary light, but is
otherwise rich in stellar objects. Saturn remains in the constellation of Leo
throughout the month. It is Gl- deg. north of the Moon at noon of the sth.
Uranus rises about midnight at the beginning of the month and earlier
on each successive evening, it is in the constellation of Taurus throughout
the month. It is 2.V deg. south of the Moon at lh. 37m. a.m. of the 2nd,
and 2£ deg. south of "it at noon of tho 29th.
Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites. —The satellites of Jupiter are invisible
this month, Jupiter being too near tho Sun.
SEPTEMBER.
The Sun is north of the Equator and in the sign of Virgo until lh. 48m.
a m. of the 23rd, when it passes into that of Libra, is south of the
Equator, and the autumn quarter commences.
The Moon is near Jupiter on the evening of the 4th, and likewise near to
Mars at the same time; near Mercury and Saturn on the morning of the
5th; near Venus on the morning of the 7th; and near Uranus Oil fcilO
evening of the 25th. It is nearest to tho Earth at lh. a.m. of the 7tli, and
at its greatest distance at 8h. p.m. of the 22nd.
44
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK EOR 186L
Now Moon occurs at 12 minutes past 10 on the night of the 4th.
First Quarter ,, 16 „ 1 on the afternoon of tho 11th.
Full Moon „ 1 ,, 2 on the morning of th^ 19th.
Last Quarter „ 24 ,, 6 on the morning of the 27th.
Mercury is badly situated for observation during the month of Septem¬
ber, being too near the Sun. It is in conjunction with Mars at noon of tho
2nd, beiDg then -l 2 minutes north ; and is in conjunction with Jupiter three
hours later, being then 63 minutes north. It is in superior conjunction
with the Sun on the night of the 4th; 7 deg. north of tho Moon on tho
morning of the 5th ; very close to Saturn at 5h. 43m. a.m. of the 5th ; and
13 minutes in R.A. cast of Spiea Virginia on the morning of the 30th. It
is in the constellation of Loo at the beginning and in that of Virgo at the
eDn of the month. „ „ , , „ „
Venus is also indifferently seen, being near tho Sun and nearly full. It is
in the constellation of Virgo in the beginning and in that of Libra at the
end of tho month. It is 6 deg. north of the Moon cn the morning of tho
7th ; 10 minutes of R.A. to the west of Lambda Virginis at 4h. Iona, a m.
of the 2lst; and 13 minutes west of Alpha Librm (second star) at 6h. 39m.
a.m. of tho 27 th.
Mars is also invisible at present. It is very close to Jupiter on tho night
of the 2nd ; (5 deg. north of the Moon on the evening of tho 4th ; a little to
tho north of Saturn on the night of the lltli. It is in the constellation of
Leo at the beginning and in that of Virgo at tho end of the month.
Jufiter is likcwiseinvisible, although It may beseen for a short timobeforo
sunrise at tho latter part of the month. It remains in the constellation of
Leo throughout the month. It is 6 deg. north of the Moon on tho evening
of the 4th. It is close to Mercury and Mars on the 2nd.
Saturn remains invisible during the month. It is 7 deg. north of the
Moon on the morning of the 5bh ; in conjunction with the Sun on the 5th.
It is \ery close to Mercury on the morning of the 5th.
Uranus is visible after 10 o’clock on tho 1st, and rises shortly after Sh. p m.
at the end of tho month. It is in quadrature with tho Sun ou the night of
the 8th ; arrives at its stationary point at 9h. p m. of the 21st ; and is 2 deg.
south of the Moon at 7h. 48m. p.m. of tho 25tli.
Eclipses ok Jupiter’s Satellites.—T he satellites of Jupitor aro invisible
during this month, Jupiter being too near tho Sun.
OCTOBER.
The Sun is south of tho Equator during this month, and remains in tho
sign of Libra until IQh. 6m. a.m. of the 23rd, when it passes into that of
Scorpio.
The Moon is 6 deg. south of Jupiter on tho afternoon of the 2nd, and 7 deg.
south of Saturn at tho same time; equally as much south of Mara on tbo
afternoon of the 3rd ; south of Mercury on tho afternoon of the 5th; south
of Venus on the night of the 6th; north of Uranus on tho night of tho
22nd; south of Jupiter and Saturn at noon of the 30th ; ancl south of Mars
on the morning of November 1. It is at its shortest distance from tho
Earth at Gli. a.m. of the 5th, and at its greatest distance at Oh. a.m. of
tho 20th.
New Moon occurs at 56 minutes past 6 on the morning of the 4th.
First Quarter ,, 9 ,, 10 on the evening of the 10th.
Full Moon ,, 33 ,, 6 on the afternoon of the 18th.
Last Quarter ,, 64 ,, 9 on the evening of the 26th.
Mercury' is in aphelion on the morning of the 3rd ; 3 deg. 12m. north of
the Moon at 7li. 25m. p.m. of the 5th; and. at its great.es 5 easterly elongation
on the morning of the 21st. It will scarcely be visible to the naked eye
during the month, setting almost at the same time as tho Sun. It is situated
! in the constellation of Virgo at the beginning and on tho borders of Libra
and Scorpio at the end of the month.
Venus is also badly seen, likewise setting shortly after the Sun. It is
situated in the constellation of Libra at tho beginning, whence it passos
through that of Scorpio and across one of tho branches of the Milky Way,
and is situated in the constellation of Ophiuchus at tho end of tho month.
It is a little to the north of the Moon on the night of the 6th; very close to
Delta Scorpii on tho evening of the 15th; very close to Rlio Ophiuchi on
the morning of tho 19th ; and in aphelion on the evening of the 19th.
Mars continues invisible during this month, and is removed to too great
a distance to present any features of importance in tho most powerful
telescope. It is situated in the constellation of Virgo throughout October.
It is o£ deg. north of the Moon at 2h. p.m. of tho 3rd, and 6j deg. north of it
at 6h. 20m. a.m. of November 1.
Jupiter is now visible during tbo mornings. It remains in tho constel¬
lation of Leo throughout the month. It rises between 2 and 3 o’clock at
the end of the month. It is 6 deg. north of tho Moon on tho afternoon of
tho 2nd; is in conjunction with Saturn at 4h. 32m. p.m. of the 25th, when
it is only 52m. south of it ; and is 6^ deg. north of the Moon at noon of
the 30th.
Saturn is likewise visible in tho mornings, rising between 2 and 3 o’clock
at the end of the month. It is 7 deg. north of the Moon on the evening of
the 2nd, and again at noon of the 30th. It remains in the constellation of
Leo throughout tho month.
Uranus is in the constellation of Taurus throughout tho month. It is
1 deg. 46m. south of the Moon at Ih. 28m. a.m. of the 23rd. It is visible
throughout the night.
Eclipses ok Jupiter’s Satellites.—F irst satellite, Oct. 4, 5h. 41m. a.m.,
disappearance ; first satellite, Oct. 20, 3h. 58m. a.m., disapp. ; third satellite,
Oct. 27, 3li. 18m. a.m., disapp.; first satellite, Oct. 27, 5h. 51m. am.,
disapp.; third satellite, Oct. 27, 6h. 40m. a.m., reappearanco; second
satellite, Oct. 30, 3h. 44m. a.m., disapp.
NOVEMBER.
The Sun is south of the Equator throughout this month, and remains in
the sign of Scorpio until 6h. 4Gm. a.m. of the 22nd, when it passes into that
of Sagittarius.
The Moon is to the south of Mercury on the afternoon of the 3rd; to the
north of Venus on the afternoon of the 5th; to the north of Uranus on the
morning of the 19th; to the south of Saturn at midnight of the 26th; to
the south of Jupiter on tho morning of the 27tli; to the south of Mars on
the night of the 29th ; and to the south of Mercury on tho evening of tho
30th. It is at its least distance from tho Earth at 4h. p.m. of the 2nd; at its
greatest distance at 6h. a.m. of tho 16th, and again at its least distance at
5h. a.m. of December 1.
New Moon occurs at 3 minutes past 4 on tho afternoon of tho 2nd.
First Quarter ,, 44 ,, 10 on the morning of the 9th.
Full Moon ,, 7 ,, 1 on tho afternoon of the 17 th.
Last Quarter „ 7 ,, 11 on the morning of the 26th.
Mercury is in the constellation of Scorpio at tho beginning and in that
of Libra at the end of tho month, and is not favourably situated for obser¬
vation. It is stationary on the l&t; close to Delta Scoipii on the afternoon
of the 2nd; a little to the north of the Moon on the evening of the 3rd ; in
inferior cod junction with tho Sun on the morning of the 12th; in perihelion
on tho morning of the 16th ; stationary on the 21st; at its greatest westerly
elongation on the morning of the 29th ; and 6 deg. north of the Moon on the
evening of the 30th. The Transit of Mercury occY.rs on the morning of
tho 12th. *
Venus is in the constellation of Ophiuchus at the beginning and in tbat
of Sagittarius at the end of the month. It is 1 deg. 44m. south of the Moon at
6h. 25m. p.m. of the 5th. Tho phase of Venus is now like that of the Moon
when about ten days old, but the planet is not favourably situated for
telescopic view.
mars still continues badly situated for observation; it rises nearly at tbo
same instant (shortly before 5 o’clock) on successive mornings. It is
5i cleg, north of the Moon on the night of the 29th, and is very closo to
Lambda Virginis at nooou of the 30tli. It remains in the constellation of
Virginis throughout the month.
Jupiter is in vho connstellation of Leo at the beginning and in that of
Virgo at the end of tho month. It is visible after 2 o’clock in tho morning,
and rises nearly due east. It is 6 deg. 53m. north of tho Moon at 4h. 38m.
a.m. of the 27th.
Saturn is on the borders of tho constellations of Leo and Virgo during
the month, ancl, of course, visible during the mornings. It is 7 deg. 43m.
north of tho Moon at midnight of the 26th. The ring of Saturn disappears
at 3h. p.m. of the 23rd.
Uranus is now visible throughout the whole night in the constellation
of Taurus. It is 1 deg 43m. south of the Moon on the morning of tho 19tli
at 5h. 35m.
Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites—F irst satellite, Nov. 5, 2h. 13m. a.m.,
disappearance; second satellite, Nov. 6, 6u. 18m. a m., disapp. ; first satel¬
lite, Nov. 12, 4h. 7m. a.m., disapp. ; first satellite, Nov. 19, 6h. 0m. a.m,
disapp. ; first satellite, Nov. 28, 2h. 22m. a.m , disapp.
DECEMBER.
The Sun passes from tho sign of Sagittarius to that of Capricornus at 7ho
35m. p.m. of tho 21st, when the winter quarter commences. The Sun is
eclipsed on the 31st of December (vide pp. 65, 66), and is in perigee at 3h.
a.m. of January 1, 1862.
The Moon is north of Venus on tho afternoon of the 5th ; to the north of
Uranus on the morning of the 16th; to the south of Saturn on the morning
of the 24th ; to tho south of Jupiter on tho afternoon of the 2!fh; to the
south of Mars at noon of the 28th ; and to the north of Mercurv at midnight
of the 30 tli. It is at its greatest distance from tho Earth at 2h. p.m. of the
13th, and at its least distance at lh. p.m. of the 29th. An eclipse of the Moon
takes place on tho 16th.
New Moon occurs at 17 minutes ast 2 on the morning of the 2nd.
First Quarter ,, 9 ,, 3 on the morning of tho 9th.
Full Moon ,, 8 ,, 8 on tho morning of the 17th.
Last Quarter ,, 51 ,, 9 on the evening of the 24tb.
New Moon ,, 64 ,, l on tho afternoon of the 3lst.
Mercury is badly situated for observation, being low down and near the
Sun. At the beginning of tho month it might, however, be visible to the
naked eye, as it rises before tbo Sun. It is in the constellation of Libra at
the beginning and in that of Sagittarius at tho end of the month. It is
very close to Beta Scorpii at noon of tho 10th : is in aphelion on tho morning
of the 30tli; and near the Moon on the morning of the 31st.
Venus now becomes a conspicuous object in the south-west during the
evenings, bemg very bright, ary:l setting nearly four hours after the Sud. It
is 5 deg. south of tho Moon at 3h. 33m. p.m. of tho 5th ; arrives at the
greatest easterly elongation at llh. a.m. of the 16th; is very close to Iota
Capricomi on the morning of the 21st, and to Mu Capricorn! at 5h. 28m.
p.m. of tho 29tli. It is in Capricornus at tho beginning of tho month and
in Aquarius at tho end.
Mars rises nearly at the same instant of time throughout tho month, and
is well above the liorizm at 5k. a.m. It is, however, faint. It is in the con¬
stellation of Libra at tho beginning and on tho borders of that constellation
and Scorpio at the end of the month. It is close to Alpha Libras
on the morning of the 13th, and 4 deg. north of the Moon at noon of
tho 28th.
Jupiter is in tho constellation of Virgo throughout tho month, and rises
before midnight at the end of the month. It is, of course, a conspicuous
object in the easterly heavens during tho early mornings. It is closo to
Beta Virginis on tho morning of tho 17th ; in quadrature with the Sun on
tho 18th ; and 7 deg. north of the Moon on the afternoon of the 24th.
Saturn is also visiblo before midnight at tho latter part of the month
It is likewise situated in the constellation of Virgo, or on tho borders of
Leo and Virgo. It is in quadrature with the Sun on tho 14th, and 8 de°\
north of the Moon on the morning of the 24tli.
Uranus still continues in Taurus, and is visible throughout the night. It
is in opposition to tho Sun on the morning of the 6th, and near the Moon
on the momiDg of the 16 th.
.Eclipses of Jupiter’s Satellites.—S econd satellite, Dec. 1, 3h. 16m. am
disappearance; third satellite, Dec. 2,2h.25m. a.m., reappearance; first satel¬
lite, Dec. 5, 4h. 15m. a.m., disapp.; second satellite, Dec. 8, 5h. 50m. a.m
disapp.; third satellite, Do .9, Gh. 22m. a.m., reapp.; first satellite, Doc. 12 ’
Gh. 8m. a.m., disapp.; first satellite, Dec. 14, Oh. 37m. a.m., disapp.; third
satellite, Dec. 16, , • : m. a.m., disapp.; first satellite, Dec. 19, 8h.2m.a.m
disapp.; first satellite, Dec. 21, 2h. 30m. a.m., disapp.; fourth satellite’
Dec. 22, 2h.24m. a.m., disapp.; fourth satellite, Dec. 22, 6li. 3m. a.m., reapp •
second satellite, Dec. 26, Oh. 15m. a.m., disanp. ; first satellite, Dec. *>*8’
4h. 23m. a.m., disapp.
New Planets.— Two additional, members of the group of
Planetoids have been discovered during the 'year I860—tho 50th bv
Chacornac; and the 60th (Danre) by Goldschmid.- ‘
Palling- Stars. — M. Coulvier-Gravier lias published a
continuation of his elaborate catalogue of these meteors. It embraces the
time between September 8, 1853, and November 10, 1859, during which
there were observed at the Observatory of tho Luxembourg 11 meteors of
the first size, 22 of the second size, and 80 of the third size—in all 113
which, being added to the 168 previously described, make a total of 2S1 ’
45
VANDYKE AND FRANK IIALS.” FROM A PICTURE BY D. "W. DEANE—FROM U THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS.’
THE ILLUSTRATED LOUDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE FRUITS OF THE SEASON.
SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER.
Now is the harvest time of the fruit-grower both from his walls and his
orchard.
Lusty autumn's lukewarm days allay’d
’With gentle i-olds intenribly coulirm
ftis • irenirg labours : autumn r o tho fruits
Earth's various Jap produce--, vigour gives
> qnal, intereuatinr: milky srain,
Barrie?, and sky-dy’d yliuca, a-rd what ;u coat
Rnnc h, or o.ofr- tin- 1 , o • bearded hu=k, or A ell ;
teiiFih't pixKi’i iu- ie>"u! apple : autumn paint*
* J ''An'iininn plains with gr»apei, whilst Bng!i»h plains
Bluili with poiuaceous harvests, breathing uwebt-.
Among thc?o harvests foremost - , co vies that of the peach, which includes the
nectarine, and, we may arid, the almond ; for, strange as it may sp
the uninitiated in garden mysr-ries, there is no doubt they are merely
three forms of the saidS fruit. It is on record that one tree ungrafted with
more than one of them has borne all three kinds ; and more than one
instance has occurred of tho poach and nectarine being borne on the same
branch ; and, as if to remove all doubt, a fruit, has been gathered one half
smooth-rinded, like the nectarine, and tho other half downy, like the
peach.
Tho peach is mentioned by tho earliest writers upon natural history, and
always under a name that points to Persia as the place of its origin. Thus,
among the Greeks. Dioscorides (book i. chap. 164) calls it Persikoii melon-
(the Persian apple) ; but the Pe r ian orPersikonof Theophrastus (ii. I? fit. 3)
is, probably, tho Persea of modern botanists, and, if so, widely differing
from the peach.
This fruit was not known to the earliest Roman cultivators, for it is not
mentioned by Cato in hio work “ De ReRustica,” though he enters minutely !
into the culture of other fruit-trees; but, in addition to this negative i
evidence, we have the direct testimony of Pliny, who wrote his “ Natural
History ” in the first century of the Christian era, and he there states that
the peach had been introduced about thirty years. The first Roman
writer who dwells upon tho culture of the peach is Columella, who wrote,
probably, about the latter half of the fn--fc century of tho Christian era, and
whose writings are commended by Piinv. Tho 10ih book of Columella s
“ Do Re Rustica” is in verso, and “ On the Culture of Cardens,” in this, he j
speaks cf the peach (v. 405) as having been sent by the Persians to other |
nations for the purpose of poisoning the inhabitants: but he speaks of it j
as a mere report, observing that in his time tho fruit had not only lost the [
power of being hurtful, but yielded “ambrosial juices,” though still
retaining the name of the “Persian apple.” Pliny controverts tho state¬
ment relative to tho poisonous quality of the Persian peaches. Columella
says that the earliest were produced in Gaul, but that those introduced
from Asia were slow in ripening. Palladius, who wrote, probably, about
thirty years later than Columella, gives more full directions for tho culti¬
vation of this fruit, and says there wore then tb,reo kinds—viz., Duracma,
probably a hard-fleshed, cling-stone variety; Prtecoqua Persica, an early-
ripe variety; and Armenia, which is our aprk-ok but classed by the
ancients among the peaches. Besides these and the two mentioned by
Columella (tho Gallic" and the Asiatic), Pliny mentions two others—
S’upernantia, produced in the Sabino district of Italy, and Pcoularia.
The tenderness of the tree forbids tho supposition that the Romans
attempted its culture in Britain ; nor is there any record justifying ns to
suppose that itwas grown herebeforo the reign of Henry VIII. (1569— 1546).
That Monarch sent his gardener, who was a French priest named Woolf,
to travel on the Continent, especially to gain improvement in the art of
horticulture. He returned with the apricot and other fruits to the King’s
garden at Nonsuch, near Croydon (Gough’s “Topography,”!. 133), and
among those may have been the peach ; and thus much is certain, that
Tasser, a contemporary, mentions of fruits in our English gardens
three kinds of p?a?h— the white, the red, and the yellow fleshed.
It was not ripened well, however, probably, for Heresbacli, a con¬
temporary of Tusser, says its hardier relative, the apricot, was much
preferred, “being used as a great dainty among noblemen.” Dodoens,
another contemporary, says that tho white and the yellow fleshed are
kh-nticaL Gerardo, who wrote a very few years subsequently—viz., in
1507— says that there were three or four kinds of peach—the white-fleshed,
the red-fleshed, the d’avant, and the yellow. Bo adds, “I have them all
in my garden, with many other sorts” (“ Herbal!,” 1259). The d’avant, we
may conclude, was of French extraction. Johnson, in his edition of
G oral do’s “ FXerball,” in 1633, says— “There are divers sorts besides the
four set forth by our author, and which may be had of my friend Mr. Miller,
in Old-street—viz , two sorts of nutmeg peaches, the queen’s peach, the
Newington peach, the grand carnation, the carnation, tho black, the
mclocotone, the white, the Roman, the AVberza, the island, and peach de
Troy. These are all good. He hath also of that kind of peach which some
call Nucipersica, or Nectorius, these following kinds: the Roman red (the
best of fruits/, the bastard red, tho little dainty green, tho yellow, the
white, and the russet, which is not so good as the vest.” He says that the
d’avant peach was the Persica pracocia. Great attention was now paid to
this fruit, for Parkinson, whose ‘•Paradisus'’ was published in 1629, enu¬
merates twenty-one varieties, and says there were others without names,
and six varieties of nectarines, which, he adds, “have been with us not
many years.” — Johnson on the Peach.
Now, too, in high season, is “that queen of fruits,” the pineapple. It
was first introduced into England by Mr. Bentick, afterwards Earl of
Portsmouth, in 1690, but merely as a plant worthy of being added to our
great national botanical collection, and without any suggestions hat it
might be cultivated as a dessert fruit (Morins Kacdtsis).
Yet the fruit of the pineapple had been made known in England in 1637 ;
for an embassage returning to this country from China in that year
appears to have brought pineapples thence as a present to Oliver Cromwell.
John Nieuhoff, who was secretary to the Embassy, describes the fruit very
correctly; and Evelyn, in his “Diary,” under the date of the 9th of August,
1661, says, “ I first saw the famous queen pine brought from Ikvbadoes,
and presented to his Majesty (Charles II.) ; but the first that were* ever seen
in England were those sent to Cromwell four yearn .since.”
It may bo that from tbo crowr.s of this, and of others mentioned by
Evelyn as sent to the King from the West indies ip. 1663, that Mr. John
Rose, lfi* Majesty’s gardener, succeeded in raising a fruit of the pineapple
in this country. We say it may be, beeauso there is a portrait, in oil
colours, of Rose, at Kensington Palace, representing him giving a pine¬
apple to Charles II. Rose was then gardener to the Duchess of Cleveland,
and tho garden in which the present is being made was that at her Grace’s
scat, Downoy Court, Buckinghamshire. We do not know whether this is
the same or a duplicate cf a similar picture, once in the possession of Earl
Walifig;rave, and which, Walpole says, was bequeathed by Mr. London,
Rose’s f'.pp’-ent.ice, to the TUv. Mr. Pennieott, of Thames Ditton, by whom
it was given to him, Mr. Walpole.
If Rose wr..-, sufficiently skilful, or so fortunate, as to ripen a pineapple in
i England, it became immediately afterwards a lost avt, fur neither Evelyn,
London, Wise, Rea, or Switzer speak of it as an object of cultivation. Soon
j after Switzer ceased to publish, in 1732, its cultivation was successfully
j attempted in Holland. This was by 61. Le Cour (or La Court, as written
; by Collinsen), a wealthy Flemkh merchant, who had an excellent garden
1 at Drievcch, near Leyden, of which he published an account in 1732, and
died in 1737. This garden was visited by Miller and Justice, who speak of
its proprietor as one of the greatest encouragers of gardening in his time,
of his having curious walls and hothouses ; and then agree that ho was the
fiv.-t person who succeeded in cultivating the pineapple.' It was from him.
Mill' v observes, that our gardeners wevo fust supplied, through Sir Matthew
Decker. .Pineapple-plants had been introduced into the Amsterdam
guidons long previously, whither some of the plants wero brought from the
Dutch East India settlements, but more from their colonies at Surinam and
Cuvavoa, in the West Indies. In 1712 tho number of pine-plants thus
collected amounted to about two hundred; but, though vigorous, they
had not yet been brought to a fruit-bearing state. Mr. Le Cour (says
Bradloy), who was an eyewitness of theso facts, was not discouraged by
the ill-success of others. Be built various stoves, and adopted different,
modes of treatment, until he, at length, succeeded in producing and
ripening several hundred pines annually; and the plants (suckers) increased
so fast that the gardener raised Mr. Bradley’s wonder by telling him that
1 nn&redswero yearly thrown away.” Though Mr. Le Cour succeeded in
i iponing pines, we should r.ot now say anything in commendation of the
fruit ho produced, sir ce Bradley, speaking of tho first, says, “they were
about four inches long.”
in 1718 the cult-ore of the pi: eapple was for the first time established in
England by Mr. II. Telende. gardener to Sir Matthew Decker, at Richmond,
in Surrey. In that year Mr. Bradley saw there forty fruiting plants, of
which the smallest fruit was four inches and the largest seven inches in
Iehgth.—(Bradley’s “ General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening,” i. 209.)
Ho planted the suckers in August, they bloomed in April, and the fruit
was ripe in five months from the time (fits first appearing. His pits, built
of brickwork, required for heating 300 bushels of bark, and he employed
tepid water in supplying ihe plants with moisture. Mr. Telendo employed
a thermometer that he might bo certain of the temperature he used;
and to this Mr. Bradloy recommends tho barometer and hygrometer to be
added, as guides for the gardener.
In the FitzwilK <rn Museum at Cambridge is a landscape, by Netchcr, in
which a pineaprfio is introduced, and this is there stated to bo the first
fruited in England, or d that it was produced at Sir Matthew Decker’s;
but, if tire pterin a of Rose, before noticed, is correct, this is not strictly in
accordance wir.h facts.— Johnson, “ On the Pineapple.”
Since that period the cultivation of tho pineapple has gradually been
bsrter under, food, and now-, in an ago of cheap glass and of improving
heating systems, wo have pineapples unequalled in flavour by those of
tropical cb'matcs. More than forty varieties are known to our gardeners,
but they chiefly cultivate tho queen, Enville, Jamaica, Providence, Ripley,
and sugarloaf.
The barberry is one of the native fruits of this season, being found wild
in many hedges of some of our counties. Its crimson berries, cither when
fresh picked or preserved, form a beautiful garnish for the dinner-table.
Sir J. E. Smith remarks that tho stamens of such flowers of the barberry
as arc open bond back to each petal, and shelter themselves under their
concave tips. No shaking of the branch h»s any effect upon them ; but, if
the inside of the filaments bo touched with a small bit of stick, they
instantly spring from tho petal and strike the anther against tl o stigma.
Tho outride cf the filament has no irritability, nor has tho anther itself
any, as may easily be proved by touching either of them with a blunt
needle, a fine bristle, a feather, or anything which cannot injure the
structure of the puvt. If a stamen bo bent to tho stigma, by means of a
pair of scissors applied to the anther, no contraction of the filament is pro¬
duced. From this it is evident, that the spring of the stamens is owing to
a high degree of irritability in the side of the filament next the germ, by
which, when touched, it contracts, that side becomes shorter than the
other, and, consequently, the filament is bent towards tho germ. Tins
irritability is perceptible in stamens of all ages—in flowers only so far
expanded as to admit a bristle, and in old flowers ready to fall off. If the
germ be cut eff, the filaments will still contract, and, nothing being in their
way, w.U bend over quite to the opposite side of tho flower. After irrita¬
tion the r-tamena will return to their original placo. On being touched
they .will contract with tho eamo facility as before, and this may be
repeated three or four times.
The purpose which this curious contrivance of nature answers is evident.
In tho original position of the stamens the anthers are sheltered from rain
by tho concavity of the petals. Thus probably they remain till some insect,
coming to extract honey from the base of the flower, thrusts itself between
the filaments, and almost unavoidably touches them in the most irritable
part, and, as it is chiefly in the fine sunny weather that insects are on the
wing, tho pollen ia also in such weather most fit for the purpose of
impregnation.
Tho hazelnut also now is ripo for gathering, and September the fourteenth,
being ITolyrood Day, was considered by our ancestors the beginning of this
kind of fruit harvest. Thus in tho old play of “Grim the Collier of
Croydon ” occurs this passago:—
This day, they p.\y, is Hoiyrood Day,
.And all the youth are now a Hutting gone.
October 31st is Allhallow Even, and who has not heard of the nut-
burning on that mystic night—
Two hazelnuts I threw Into tho flame.
And. to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name :
"’hi* with tho loudest bo unco me koto amaa’d.
That in a IHrno of brlghUut colour bias’d •
As bias’d the nut, ho may thy pass-ion grow,
For t’wu-5 thy nut that did so brightly g'ow.
In Scotland tho damsels not only bum nuts, but pull cabbage-plants
blindfolded. According as the stem is long or short, crooked or straight,
so will be the stature and form of their husbands.
AND
The following manual of
Admiral Fitzroy:—
A rapid rise of tho barometer indicates unsettled weather ; a slow move¬
ment the contrary ; as likewise a steady barometer, which, when continued,
and with dryness, foretells very fine weather.
A rapid and considerable fall is a sign of stormy weather and rain (or
snow). Alternate rising and sinking indicates unsettled and threatening
weather.
The greatest depressions cf tho barometer aro with gales from S.E., 5., or
8.W. ; the greatest elevations, with wind from N.W., N., or N E., or with
calm. Though the barometer generally falls with a southerly an:l rke ;
with a northerly wind, tho contrary sometimes occurs ; in which ca->'•- tho
southerly wind is usually dry with, fine weather, or the northerl? wind i.
violent and accompanied by rain, snow, or hail; perhaps with lightning. .
When the barometer sinks considerably, much wind, rain (perhaps, with
hail), or snow will follow ; with or without lightning. The wind will bo
from the northward, if tho thermometer is low (for the season); from t ie
southward, if the thermometer is high. Occasionally a low glass is followed
or attended by lightning only, wliilo a storm is beyond the horizon.
A sudden fall of tho barometer, with a westerly wind, is sometimes
followed by a violent storm from N.W., or N., or N.E.
If a galo sets in from E. or S.E., and tho wind veers by the S., the baro¬
meter will continue falling until tho wind is near a marked change, when
a lull may occur; after which the gale will soon bo renewed, perhaps
suddenly and violently, and tho veering of the wind towards tho N. W., N.,
or N.E. will bo indicated by a rising of the barometer with a fall : the
thermometer.
Three causes (at least) * appear to affect the barometer:—
1. Tho direction of tho wind—the north-east wind tending to raise it
most; the south-west to lower it the most, and wind from points of the
compass between them proportionally as they are nearer one or tho other
extreme point. N.E. and S.W. may therefore be called the wind’s extreme
bearings (rather than poles). The range or difference of height shown, duo
to change of direction only, from one of these bearings to the other (sup¬
posing strength or forco and moisturo to remain the same), amounts in these
latitudes to about hp.lf an inch (as read off).
2. The amount—taken by itself—of vapour, moisture, wet, rain, or snow
in the wind, or current of air (direction and strength of wind remaining
the same), seems to cause a change amounting in an extreme case to about
half an inch.
3. The strength or force alone of wind, from any quarter (moisture and
direction being unchanged), is preceded or foretold by a fall or rise,
according as the strength will be greater or less, ranging in an extreme
case to more than two inches.
Hence, supposing three causes to act together—in extreme cases— the
height would vary from near 31 inches (SOT) to about 27 inches (27T),
which has happened, though rarely (and even In tropical latitudes). In
general, the three causes act much less strongly, and are less in accord; so
that ordinary varieties of weather occur much more frequently than
extreme changes.
Another general rule requires attention, which is, that the wind usually
appears to veer, shift, or go round with tho sun (right-handed, or from left
to right),! and that, when it not does not do so, or backs, more wind or
bad weather may be expected instead of improvement.
It is not by any moans intended to discourage attention to what is usually
called “ weather wisdom.” On the contrary, every prudent person will
combine observation of tho elements with such indications as he may
obtain from instruments, and will find that the more accurately tho two
sources of foreknowledge aro compared and combined the more satis¬
factory their results will prove.
A barometer begins to rise considerably before the conclusion of a gale,
sometimes even a.t its commencement. Although it falls lowest boforo
high winds, it frequently sinks very much before heavy rain. Tho baro¬
meter falls, but not always, on the. approach of thundor and lightning, f
Boforo and during the earlier part of settled weather it usually stands high
and is stationary, tho air being dry.
Instances of fine weather, with a low glasa, occur, however rarely; but
they are always preludos to a duration of wind or rain, if not both.
After very warm and calm weather a storm or squall, with rain, may
follow ; likewise afc any time when tho atmosphere i3 heated much above
the usual temperature of tho season.
Allowance should invariably be made for the previous state of the glasses
during some days, as well as some hours, because their indications may bo
affected by distant causes, or by changes closo at hand. Some of these
changes may occur at a greater or less distance, influencing neighbouring
rogions, but not visible to each observer whose barometer feels their effect.
There may be heavy rains or violent winds beyond the horizon, and tho
view of an observer, by which his instruments may bo affected consider¬
ably, though no particular change of weather occurs in his immediate
locality.
It may be repeated that the longer a change of wind or weather is fore¬
told before it takes place, the longer the presaged weather will last, and
conversely, the shorter the warning the less time, whatever causes tho
warning', whether wind or a fall of rain or snow, will continue.
Sometimes severe weather from the southward, not lasting long, may
cause no great fall, because followed by a duration of wind from the north¬
ward, and at times the barometer may fall with northerly winds and fine
weather, apparently against these rules, because a continuance of southerly
wind is about to follow. By such changes as these one may be misled, and
calamity may be the consequence, if not duly forewarned.
A few of tho more marked signs of weather, useful alike to seaman
farmer, and gardener, are the following : —
Whether clear or cloudy, a rosy sky at sunset presages fine weather; a
red sky in the morning bad weather, or much wind (perhaps rain) ; a grey
sky in tho morning, fine weather; a high dawn, wind; a low dawn, fair
weather.}
■* Electrical effects aro yob uncertain.
•I With watch-hand* in the northern hemisphere; hut tho contrary in south latitude
This, however, is ouly apparent ; the wind Is actually circulate? In the contrary direction *
t Thunder clouds rising from north-eastward agaimt the wind do not UBanl ly causo a fail
of tho barometer.
8 A “ high dawn " Ja when the first indications of daylight are seen above a bank of clouds
A ‘ low down ia whoa tho day breaks on or near the horizon, the first streaks of light bcimr
vorv low down.
Soft-looking or delicate clouds foretell fine weather, with moderate or
light breezes ; hard-edged, oily-looking clouds, wind. A dark, gloomy, blue
sky is windy ; but a light, bright blue sky indicates fine weather.
Genera ly the softer clouds look, tho loss wind (but perhaps more rain) may
be expected ; and the harder, more “ greasy,” rolled, tufted, or ragged, tho
strongor tho coming wind will prove. Also, a bright yellow sky at sunset
presages wind ; a pale yellow, wet— and thus by the prevalence of red,
yellow, or grey tints tho coming weather may be foretold very nearly;
indeed, if aided by instruments, almost exactly.
Small inky-loolting clouds foretell rain ; light, scud clouds driving across
heavy masses show wind and rain, but, if alone, may indicate wind only.
High upper clouds crossing the sun, moon, or stars in a direction different
from that of the lower clouds, or tho wind then felt below, foretell a ehango
of wind.*
After fine clear weather the first signs in tho sky cf a coming change are
usually light streaks, curls, wisps, or mottled patches of wliito distant
cloud, which increase, and are followed by an overcasting of murky vapour
that grows into cloudiness. This appearance, more or less oily or watery,
as wind or rain will prevail, is an infallible -ign.
Usually the higher and more distent such, clouds seem to be, tho movo
gradual, but general, the coming change of weather will prove.
Light, delicate, quiot tints or colours, with soft, undefined forms of
olouds, indicate and accompany line weather ; but gaudy or unusual hues,
with hard, definitely-outlined clouds, foretell rain, and probably strong
wind.
Misty clouds forming or hanging on heights show wind and rain
coming, if they remain, .increase, or descend. If they rise or disperse, tho
weather will improve or become fine.
When sea-birds fly out early, and far to seaward, moderate wind and
fair weather may bo expected ; when they hang about the land or over it,
sometimes flying inland, expect, a strong wind with stormy weather. As
many creatures besides birds aro affected by The approach of rain or wind,
such indications should not bo slighted by an observer who wishes to
foresee weather.
Thero aro other signs of a. coming change in the weather known loss
generally than rnay bo desirable, and, therefore, worth notice— such as
when birds of long flight, rooks, swallows, or others, hang about homo, and
fly up and down or low, rain or wind may be expected. Also when animals
seek sheltered places, instead of spreading over their usual range ; when
pigs carry straw to their sties ; when smoke from chimneys does not ascend
readily (or straight upwards during calm), an unfavourable change is
probable.
Dew is an indication of fmo weather : so is fog. Neither of these two
formations occurs under an overcast sky, or when there is much wind.
One sees fog occasionally rolled away, as it were, by wind ; but seldom or
never formed while it is blowing.
Remarkable clearness of atmosphere near tho horizon, distant objects,
such as hills, unusually visible, or raised (by refraction +), and what is
called “agood hearing day,” may bo mentioned among the signs of wet, if
not wind, to he expected.
More than usual twinkling of tho stars, indistinctness or apparent
multiplication of the moon’s horns, haloes, “ wind dogs,”J and the rainbow,
arc more or less significant of increasing wind, if not approaching rain,
with or without wind.
Near land, in sheltered harbours, in valleys, or ever low ground, there is
usually a marked diminution of wind during part of the night, and a
dispersion of clouds. At such times an eye on an overlooking height may
seo an extended body of vapour below (rendered visible by tho cooling of
night) which seems to check the wind.
Lastly, tho dryness or dampness of the air, and its temperature (for the
season), should always be considered, with other indications of change, or
continuance of wind and weather.
The Shooting Stars observed at Borne in August, 1SG0, by
Father Secchi attained their maximum on August 10, when 124 were seen.
The number on the 9th was fifty, and on the 11th twenty-five only. Tho
months of August and November aro remarkable for the abundance of
these meteors.
The Action of Alcohol, Chloroform, See ., on the nervous
system has been investigated by MM. Lallemand, Perrin, and Duroy, who
have laid an account of Their experiments before tho French Academy
of Sciences. They state their conviction that alcohol, chloroform, ether,
and am ylene act directly upon tho nervous system; while carbonic acid
and carbonic oxide act directly on the blood, which they modify, and
thereby determine secondarily the phenomena of insensibility. This agrees
with tho opinion of M. Flourens, who stated long ago that in ordinary
asphyxia the nervous system loses its power under the action of black
blood (blood deprived of its oxygen); but in etherisation the nervous
system loses its power, at first, by tho direct action of the single fluent
which determined it.
The Wourali Poison (now called Curare) is affirmed by
M. Vella of Turin to be the truo physiological antidote to strychnine. Ho
states that he has demonstrated this by experiment upon animals who had
received strychnine into the stomach and tho veins. The toranic con¬
vulsions were ovorcomo by injections of tho curare. A dog received into
tho jugular veins twomillogramraes of strychnine and fifteen millcgrammes
cf curare. On being put at liberty tho’’animal ran about the Laboratory
without suffering from convulsions or muscular relaxation.
Arsenic in Coloured Paperhangings.— Professor Schrotfcer
lias rend a report to the Imperial Academy of Vienna on certain papers
taken from rooms, the inhabitants of which had suffered from deleterious
exhalations. He found that one hundred square yards of a green paper
contained nearly 70 grains (5*1 grammes) of regulus of arsenic, representing
29*4 grains of arson ions acid, and that tho red papers also contii^rSJur-C’
proportion of this dangerous substance. The'Academy of Sciences at
Munich is also engaged in investigating tho subject.
’ In the tvopk*, or regions of brilo winds, there fr generally an upper and counter cuiTent
of air, with very light cloud:*, -which 13 not an indication of any approaching change, in
middle latitude:! :-uch upper currents are not so frequent (or evident v) except before a
change of weather.
+ Much refraction ia a feign of e asterly wind
t Fragments or pieces (aa it were) of rainbows (sometimes called “ v hide alia :> ) seen on
detached cloud3. )
___■_ i
51
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
HOW TO FORETELL WEATHER.
tho barometer has been compilod by Real*-
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
ECLIPSE OP THE SEN, JULY 18, 1860.
A full account of the above interesting event, as seen atCamuesa, in Spain,
is given by the Special Correspondent of the Illustrated London News
in the Number of that Journal for August 4. It may be remembered that
an expedition was organised by the British Government in the spring of
1860, and that they very liberally placed tho Himalaya steam-ship at the
service of such astronomers as would avail themselves of it. A great
number of observers, consequently, passed over to Bilbao and Santander,
where they were received with the greatest kindness by the Spanish Govern¬
ment, and every assistance given to them in the way of travelling, &c.,
which could be desired.
The expedition to Camuesa was under the direction of J. Buckingham,
Esq., C.E.; and, if it were more fortunate than that which remained at
Santander, it was due altogether to the untiring zeal and perseverance dis¬
played by that gentleman, who spared neither trouble nor expense in his
anxiety to secure trustworthy records of this phenomenon. Ho was
accompanied by Messrs. Wray and Breen (the former tho well-known
optician), whilst Messrs Waring and Forrest, tho engineers of the railway,
and whoso knowledge of the country was invaluable, were the pioneers,
if they might be called so, of the enterprise, and to their advice and
assistance tho observers wore greatly indebted. The instruments made
use of by Mi*. Buckingham was a tolescope of five-inch aperture, and seven
feet focal length, mounted equatorially: that by Mr. Wray was of much
smaller dimensions, but gave a large field of view, and, consequently, tho
corona could be viewed in all its extent. The one used by Mr. Breen was
a telescope of three inches and a half aperture and five feet focal length,
likewise mounted equatorially. All three telescopes were ground and
polished by tho improved method of Mr. Wray, and were admirable for
definition and achromatism.
Of course, it was not until the time of totality approached that the
observations becamo at all interesting. Ten minutes or a quarter of an
hour before that moment the diminution of light for the first time becamo
sensible, increasing every instant, and it then began to tell upon
animated creation. The crescent became thinner and thinner, the appear¬
ance of the surrounding objects more wan and ghastly, the light little, if
at all, greater than that of the full Moon, though of a different colour and
intensity. This was the moment so ardently desired by tho observers, who
now, with “bated breath,” kept their telescopes steadfastly fixed on the
dying crescent. Exactly three minutes before the extinction of the sun¬
light a broken bead of right was seen detached on the southern horn, and
for the remaining three minutes the crescent was undergoing constant
changes, being broken up into fragments of all shapes and sizes, which
were altering in form every moment. No doubt existed on the minds of all
three observers that those broken patches of sunlight wore altogether due
to the irregular edges of the Moon coming in partial contact with the
smoother margins cf the Sun, the light of which latter, consequently, shone
through the valleys of our satellite, and thus produced that remarkable
phenomenon known by the name of “ Baily’s Beads.” We give the suc¬
cessive phases of this appearance as seen by Mr. Breen (fig. 1). It was easily
seen that the lunar mountains would break tho regular contour of the
crescent even before that cccurred, and the places where the beads would
make their appearance could even be pointed out; but, notwithstanding
this foreknowledge, the phenomenon was looked upon with the utmost
curiosity by the three observers. In every respect it agreed with the facts
observed by Mr. Breen in the partial eclipse of March, 185S, as observed by
him with the twenty-feet telescope of the Cambridge Observatory, and
which are inserted in the Illustrated London Almanack of 1859. Mr.
Buckingham, who observed them - with the largest tclescopo of tho expedi¬
tion, is, wo believe, in accordance with the other observers.
Whilst busily engaged in scrutinising tho “Baily Beads,” Mr. Wray
noticed a very remarkable appearance which tends to throw new light
RAYS OF LIGHT AND FIRST FORMATION OF CORONA,
AS SEEN BY MR. WRAY.
upon the nature of tho corona. A fow instants before the final disappear¬
ance of the Sun this keen observer perceived rays of light passing from the
dark intervals between the “Baily Beads” outwards into space (as in
diagram, fig. 2), and which, if the foregoing explanation of Baily’s Beads
bo correct, of which we have no doubt, evidently proceeded from the tops
of the lunar mountains. The other observers were not so fortunate as
Mr. Wray in catching sight of this phenomenon. They were, however,
certain that the corona was visible some seconds before the broken bun’s
crescent disappeared, when it was distinctly visible at the northern and
southern horns, and as far round as the eye could roach in the field of view
of the telescope (fig. 3); the only part where it was wanting being that
wheve tho Sun’s crescent still existed. As soon as the latter disappeared
the corona rapidly, and almost with the quickness of lightning, Hashed
round, and was instantly displayed in all its magnificence.
This was tho most exciting moment of the eclipse. The spectators, silent,
entranced, and motionless, gazed with awe at the black patch in the sky,
which was surrounded with a mystic glory of silvery nebulous light,
shooting out in irregular beams. The singing birds became hushed, the
FIRST FORMATION OF CORONA AS SEEN BY MR. BREEN.
BAILY’S BEADS AS SEEN AT CAMUESA BY MR. BREEN.
53
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
fowl in the farmyard had previously went to roost (with the exception of a
cock who acted as sentinel, and kept up a loud crowing the wholo time);
the pigeons came fluttering in to the dovecot, but it was now so dark that
they were unable to find it, and had to remain content (though apparently
they were not so) with perching on the top of the house. A vulture, which
was seated on a ncigebouring hill, flow down suddenly into the valley as if
shot, and a flock of goats feeding on the mountain side immediately
formed into lino, and started homewards. The butterflies fell down on
the ground in a state of stupor. Great, however, as was the change in
animated nature, the alteration in tho landscape was much more remark¬
able. It must bo premised that the darkness, though great, was by no
means complete, and the chronometers, watches, and thermometers could
be read oft with the greatest ease w About the help of any artificial light.
Wax-candles were, indeed, lighted in case of accident, but a loud and
moaning gust of wind, which rose as soon as ill# Sun was obscured, and
added greatly to tho solemnity of tho scene, very quickly extinguished
thorn. The distant hills were of a fine purple hue, as likewise were the
clouds. The sky at the horizon was of a beautiful yellow colour, tho clear
sky to the zenith of a dark and peculiar blue. Mr. Buckingham and
Mr. Waring took particular notice of some remarkable tints of prismatic
colours immediately below the Sun. The most wonderful object, however,
was the corona itself, of which wo here give the telescopic appearance,
although tki3 was by no means the most favourable view of the phenomenon.
CORONA ROUND THE SUN AS SEEN BY MR. BREEN.
It was of a pearly-white tint on the whole, though, near the Moon's margin,
a very slight yellow tint could be perceived by the observer. It was
evidently radiating, and towards the northern part tho radiations appeared
to be intermingled, and gavo it tho appearance of a cirrus cloud. Messrs.
Buckingham and Wray could follow the radiations with the naked eye for
moro than two diameters of the Moon. It v \u; a pity that, scarcely half a
minute after the totality commenced, the ,<cy became overcast at tho part
most anxiously watched, and that the observers were unable to sec the
CRIMSON PROTUBERANCE SEEN BY M. GOLDSCHMIDT.
The most splendid of the prominences was that in the form of a chandelier,
the beauty of which it was impossible to describe. It was composed oi
very slender tongues of fire of a rose colour ; the edges were purple. It was
transparent, and the interior could bo teem for it was distinctly perceived
that tho protuberances were hollow. A little before the end of the totality
radiations of light of a fan shape escaped from the summit of the pro¬
tuberances, and then it really resembled a chandelier. It finally became
very ethereal and vaporous in its aspect. What astonished M. Goldschmidt
most wits that, although lie was convinced that the rose-coloured pro¬
minences belonged to tho Sun, yet ho found the general direction of tho
“ chandelier ” was rather towards the centre of tho Moon The height of
the protuberance was three minutes and a half at tho beginning of totality,
and four minutes at tho end. Another protuberanco seen by M. Gold¬
schmidt was nearly as large. M. Goldschmidt remarks that in all the
red flames or the changes in the corona. It became clear again imme¬
diately after the reappearance of the Sun, and the “Baily Beads’ were
again visible.
Although the sky was completely overcast in the town of Santander, and
the observers of the expedition w ho remained there were unable to see
anything, yet at the place where the Himalaya was moored the sky was
accidentally clear, and Mr. Thompson, the Master of the ship, was able to
perceive the red flames and corona apparently to great advantage.
Mr. Be La Rue was able to procure a photograph of the corona and red
flames. The elaborate descriptions given by those gentlemen of the
phenomena observed by them w r cro given in tbc Illustrated London
News of August 4 and August 25, from which we take the above
Engravings.
Tho most valuable 'series of observations published yet are those by
M. Hermann Goldschmidt, the celebrato planet-finder and historical pain ter,
whoso vision is remarkable for its penetrating power, as well as for that
with which it discriminates the most delicate tinscs of colour. As an
instance of this ho states that half a minute before totality he could
distinguish little grey clouds, isolated in part and floating without the solar
disc at some distance from the edges. One of those isolated clouds of a
rounded form, find another of an elongated form which touched the
exterior edge of the Sun, were noticed of a grey colour on the ground of (he
sky, which was a little brighter. An instant afterwards the pyramidical
cloud became moro clear, and then roso colour. “I had thus been
present,” says M. Goldschmidt, “at the formation of a protuberance.”
Several smaller prominences were seen in the neighbourhood of it similar
to globules cf mother-of-pearl, but of an irregular form. These, likewise,
became of a roso colour immediately afterwards, but quickly disappeared.
CRIMSON PROTUBERANCE SEEN BY M. GOLDSCHMIDT.
protuberances which he observed there was a general tendency to curvature.
In regard to tho corona he judged it to be of a yellow colour in the
telescope. The southern part was a great luminous mass passing towards
the south-east and south-west in curved rays, which were concave towards
the south, and intermixed with clear masses of a yellow colour. The
principal branch at the south-east had a great resemblance with the
southern branch of the nebulae of Orion. Analogous appearances were seen
at the opposite point, but were less distinct, and had the form of a parabola,
of which the summit passed through the Moon. Tho corona, as seen
with tho naked eyo, was silvery-white, and six minutes in breadth. The
contour of tho Moon could bo seen eleven minutes after totality by
31. Goldschmidt, the sky on which it was projected being then a little the
brighter. No trace of the Zodiacal Light could be perceived, nor had he
time to notice whether the “moving shadows ” which he noticed in a former
eclipse were visible in the present.
54
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK EOE. 1861 .
The observations of M. Secchi are very important. Ho was able to per¬
ceive a fine red cloud entirely detached from the borders of the Sun and
Moon, and which was projected, isolated, in the white ground of the corona.
Those were followed by two others apparently suspended in the air in the
same strange manner. He was able to detect that the red prominences
belonged to the Sun. Those which were seen to the east at the commence¬
ment of the totality disappeared as tho Moon .advanced on the Sun’s disc,
whilst others on the western side became invisible, thus showing that the
Moon eclipsed tho red flames in exactly the same manner as it did the disc
of the Sun. M. von Feilitzch noticed that the red protuberances appeared
to be at the same points at which tho mountains of the Moon were situated.
They were paler and not so well defined as in tho Eclipse of 1851. They
had no connection with tho spots and facujre seen on the Sun at the time ;
but whether they were wholly disconnected with tho spots and faculre
which wore near the borders of the Sun in tho hemisphere turned from the
Earth is not stated. M. Secchi states that there was no sudden transition
between the photosphere and the corona surrounding the Sun, but that tho
one melted into the other gradually. The light of the corona was polarised.
Like Mr. \V. Do la Hue and M. Secchi, M. Foucault, the distinguished
experimentalist, was able to procure perfect photographs of the corona.
In these, as well as by independent observations, he noticed that the rays
of the corona shoot out, and aro most perceptible at those parts of tho
lunar circumference at which the mountains projected. This circumstance
receives an indirect confirmation from the foregoing observations of
Mr. Wray, where it will be seen that where the projections wore noticed,
and where they broke up the thin crescent of the Sun into the “ Baily
Beads,” the rays of the corona were first seen. Mr. Wray expressed his
belief at the time of observation that tho corona was an extraordinary
example of the phenomenon known by the name of tho “interference of
light.” M. Foucault asks in the same manner why we persist in making
an object of reality of tho A.ureole, or in considering that it belongs to the
Suu. “ It is known,” he continues, “ that, in virtue of the fundamental
principles of the theory of undulations, light is not necessarily propagated
in a right line, but that, in passing in the neighbourhood of tho limit of a
body, it is distorted by the obstacle, and disseminates itself in a variable
and rapidly-decreasing proportion in tho interior of the geometric shadow.
By considering it in this manner, and as a simple caso of diffraction, it is
explained, he considers, in the most natural way ; for a solar atmosphere,
he imagines, will not explain tho rapid decrease of intensity in tho corona
as is passes away from tho obscure limb of the Moon, much less the
radiations which are perceived in it. Tlio red protuberances ho supposes
to belong to tho Sun, and the fine tints with which tho entire horizon is
coloured he attributes to thc'infiuence of our own atmosphere. The prismatic
colours seen below the Sun by Mr. Buckingham at Camuesa would
probably be explained by him in a similar manner.
The polarisation of the corona proves, says M. Prazmouski, on tho
contrary, that the light emanates from the Sun. and that, wheu it is so
strong and well perceived as it was noticed during the Eclipse of July 18,
it proceeds from gaseous molecules which must be fovmcl in the imme¬
diate neighbourhood of the Sun, and that, in fact, a solar atmosphere seems
only able to fulfil those conditions. The red prominences were not found
to be polarised, and it is permitted thence to conclude that the solar
clouds are composed of liquid, or even solid, particles, and are something
like our own. It will be seen from the foregoing conflicting opinions that
tho nature of the Sun and solar atmosphere aro not yet entitled to enter
into the rank-of settled truths.
NEW PLANET.
During the months of March and September for some years to como the
appearance of the Sun will doubtless be rigorously and, we might add,
momentarily examined, for the purpose of endeavouring to detect tho
planet moving within the orbit of Mercury which was discovered on March
‘20, 1859, by I)r. Lescarbault, in France, and which may bo supposed to make
its reappearance on the solar disc about the same time in succeeding years.
The humbleness of the means at tho learned doctor’s disposal for recording
the times of passage and taking the position of the planet on tho Sun’s
disc, and tho ordinary description of telescope with which this celebrated
discovery was made, will prove that any astronomical amateur, with the
commonest optical aid, may assist in this interesting search after the “ lost
Pleiad ; ” nor, indeed, as happened not long ago, is tho hope entirely pre¬
cluded that in searching after one planet he may chance to find another,
for M. Leverrier is of opinion that thero aro others circulating within the
orbit of Mercury. There can be no chance of mistake in after occasions as
to whether it is a planet or a spot which has oeen seen upon the Sun : the
motion is sufficiently rapid to be detected in a short time, whilst the intense
blackness and regular form of the moving body are altogether different from
the appearance of the solar spots. These latter may be divided into tho
following species:—1st. Tho ordinary black spots, or macuke, surrounded
with a penumbra which is much fainter. 2nd. The smaller spots, or pores,
not so surrounded. 3rd. The facuke and luculi, points and veins of light
which are much blighter than the general surface of tho Sun. 'Tho former,
or maculae, arc sometimes so large as to be visible to tho naked eye (as was
the case in August, 1S59). Thu usually-received explanation of this pheno¬
menon is well known—viz., that those dark patches are merely breaks in the
exterior photosphere of the Sun; tho latter being almost unillumined by
its own atmosphere, and presenting a comparatively obscure surface. That
tills is tho most probable explanation is concluded from the change in form
which these spots undergo as they aro seen to travers'tejho surface of tho
Sun apparently, but in reality are carried along with that body as it turns
on its axis, when it becomes manifest, from the simplest laws of prospective,
that they must be deep pits in order to present tho appearances which are
noticed; tho shelving sides of the penumbra being then very apparent,
whilst the nucleus is nearly hid at the extreme edges of the disc. The
equator of Jupiter, it may be mentioned, is generally free from the dark
bands seen at other parts of the disc, and the same law appears to hold true
of the proper equatorial region of tho Sun, tho black spots Doing arranged
in two zones on both sides of tho “line.” In observing the Sim during the
year 1850, M. Secchi noticed that not only was this true of the dark spots,
but likewise of the bright streaks which, he remarked, were similarly placed
in respect to the solar equator. The latter ho found to bo nearly free
from facnles, and this distribution was so decided that the direction of the
solar equator could be traced from their simple distribution or absence.
The rango of tho faculse extends further than that of the dark spots, and
the constancy of their disposition evidently proves that they form two con¬
tinuous zones (nearly like the zones of the trade winds), and not isolated
groups. M. Secchi likewise finds that there are certain points on the sur¬
face of tho Suu in which tho spots almost constantly break out, and which
tends to prove their dependence and connection with accidental circum¬
stances on the solar, body itself. He finds, by observing the relative
positions of tho spots and penumbra at different distances from the centre,
that the thickness of the photosphere 13 not more than from three to four
thousand miles, and that the relatively small thickness of this stratum
explains tho great facility with which it is broken. The faculai and brightei
pores aro supposed to be lighter clouds floating far above the cxtcrioi
surface of the photosphere, and to give vise to those red flames which are
viewed at the moment of total eclipses of tho Sun. They are best seen
when near the edges of the solar disc aud in tho neighbourhood of tho
spots, when they appear like streams of bright lava flowing from the centra,
point, and when from their brilliancy they cannot easily be passed over
\Yo need hardly add thatkall these appearances aro of tho most changeable
description, although somo of tho spots have been known to remain (with
various changes in their aspect) for two or three months on tho surface of
tho Sun. Their real extent is something enormous, one being equal to
3,780,000,000 square miles, according to Sir J. Herschel. A spot will
remain visible on the surface of tho Sun for 13$ days, and be hid for the
samo length of time. Tho real time of rotation of the Sun on its axis is
only 25i days. The difference of forty-six hours between the real an r1
apparent; time of rotation of the Sun i3 caused by the Earth moving onward
in its orbit in the same direction as tho rotation of the Sun itself is per¬
formed. Thus, whilst the spots are almost stationary on the surface of the
Sun, we should, on the contrary, see the planetary body pa s over .t in the
course of a few hours.
TRANSIT OF MERCURY.
(Seepage Gl.
The transit of Mercury over the Sun’s disc, which occurs on the morning
of November 13, will not bo altogether visible in the British Islands ; and,
considering the generally unfavourable shite of the weather at this time of
the year and the small altitude'of the Sun at London, nothing very certain can
bo promised as to its successful observation in these latitudes. Equally un¬
favourable will bo the next transit of Mercury on the morning of November
G, 1868, and it will only be on the ovening of May G, 1878, that a successful
observation can bo hoped for. On the remaining occasions during the
present century (viz , in 1881, 1891, and 189 !) it will likewise be invisible.
This planet is otherwise but seldom seen without telescopic aid, in conse¬
quence of its contiguity to the Sun, when it rises and sets whilst twilight
still prevails, although otherwise it is as bright, if not brighter than, a star
of the first magnitude at its most favourable epoch. Copernicus was never
able to see it, and Delambro, in the course of a long astronomical career,
only saw it twice— once at Paris, and once atN arbonne. In general, this
planet is (when at its mean greatest elongation from the Sun) removed
about twenty-three degrees from that luminary, but, on account of the great
eccentricity of its orbit, this distance can amount to as much as twenty-
nine degroess. At thoso times wo would expect to see the planet at its
brightest phase, as it is then furthest removed from tho strong light of the
Sun, aud, at the time of sunset or sunrise, it will likewise be at its greatest
altitude above the horizon. At this period, however, it is too far distant
from the Earth, and turns towards us too small a portion of tho illuminated
part of its disc, to he seen in its greatest brightness. Tho circumstances
are most favourable when it is only removed fifteen or eighteen degrees
from the Sun from the time of its inferior conjunction.
Tho transits of Mercury over the Sun’s disc occur commonly in periods
of thirteen or, more correctly, of twentv-six or forty-six years, aDd can
only take place during the months cf May and November, as it i 3 only
during those months that, at the time of its inferior conjunction, it is near
tho ecliptic and at its nodes. Keplei was the first to foretell this phenome¬
non, and it was observed for the first time at Paris by Gassendi on tho 7th
of November, 1631. Since that period it has been frequently and carefully
observed, and was particularly well seen on the two last occasions— viz.,
in May, 1845, and November, 1818. Yfhcn projected on the disc of the Sun
it appears as a round, intensely black spot of about twelve seconds in
diameter, which can easily he detected by the help of a small telescope,
and, by its sharp form, motion, and colour, is easily distinguished from any
of tho spots which happen to be on the solar surface at the time.
Occasionally it has been noticed that when tho planet is fully projected
on tho Sun’s disc it is surrounded by a faint nebulous halo which stretches
to four or five diameters of the planet. This phenomenon, however, has
not always been noticed, and, although very favourably seen at tho last
transit in 1848, nothing of the kind was perceived. It may possibly arise
from some accidental mist forming on the dark glass at thetimo of observa¬
tion, or from the glare of the Sun being too powerful for tho eye. Yet,
when wo hear of such practised observers as Scbroeter and others noticing
this appearance, wc can scarcely consider it as unworthy of all serious
attention; and it might be worth looking for — taking especial care as to the
cleanliness of all the lenses—in the approaching transit, in those places
where tho occultation will be favourably observed — viz., in Asia, Africa, and
Australia. This appearance was first noticed by an observer at Montpelier
in the transit of 1736, who estimated tho ring ns six or seven seconds in
width. It was again seen at Leipsic, in May, 1753 and,; by another
observer, in the passage of 1786; Although Scliroeter observed both this
last transit as likewise that of 1789, ho was unablo t e see any phenome¬
non attending it. In tho transit of 1799 ho was, however, more fortunate,
for, without having tho slightest expectation of such an appearance, ho
perceived a ring of light round the dark around spot on the Sun, which was
of another colour than, tho surface of the latter object. It was seen by
another observer at the same time, who made use of a different instrument
and power, and the ring was so apparent to those observers that it >ould
even be seen through light clouds. The same observers could see no trace
of this phenomenon in the transit of Mercury over the Sun’s disc in 1802,
the contour of the planet being then quito sharp and well defined. Professor
Maedler looked for it in tho passage of 1832, hut without success.
Other optical illusions must ho guarded against in this species of obser¬
vations. For instance, in observing the dark spot formed by Mercury on
the solar disc, Schroeter thought that he perceived a bright speck on its
surface. On regarding ifc attentively, however, he found that it sometimes
appeared on one part of the black disc and sometimes at another , and he
found that he was unable to keep it constantly in view. From this he
came to the conclusion that it was an optical illusion. Ifc might arise from
tho reflection of the Sim from the eyepiece, or even from the glare of the
Sun being too powerful for tho eye and appearing on any dark body.
DECEIT (BEK*
ANNIVERSARIES, EKSTIVALS,
REMARKABLE EVENTS.
HIGH WATER. AT
Sets. I>yB ! London Bridge.
Liverpool Pock.
Mom. i Aftcrn.
7 9 3 4
8 25 1 4 2
9 27 5 12
10 13 6 32
10 47 7 53
11 11 9 12
11 32 10 27
11 48 11 39
Aftcrn. Morn.
0 20i 0 48
0 30 1 56
0 55 3 4
1 16; 4 11
1 45 5 18
2 21 6 22
3 6i 7 20
4 1 8 10
5 5 8 52
6 14 9 25
7 27 9 52
8 41 10 13
9 56 10 33
11 13 10 51
Morn. ,11 9
0 30 11 28
1 52 11 50
3 15 Aftcrn.
4 40 0 53
6 0 1 42
7 8 2 46
8 2! 4 2
Attern
Aftcrn.
10 5 10 31 \
10 50 11 21 \
2 4311 45 — /
010 0 33 )
0 58 1 22
1 45 2 9 g
2 33! 2 57 T
3 21 1 3 45 A
4 11 4 39 v
5 11| 5 44
6 15 6 48
7 21 7 53 \
8 23 8 50
9 15 9 35 I
9 55 10 10
10 3610 54 '
11 1311 32 (
11 49 — \
0 8 0 26 ]
0 43 1 1
1 19, 1 37
1 57j 2 18
2 39 3 2
3 26 3 50 J
4 16 4 46 (V
5 18 5 53 '!]
6 28 7 6 !
7 46 8 21 1
8 54 9 25
9 54 10 22 l
10 49 11 15 \
[5 3 53
\73 52
18 3 52
•03 5]
>1 3 51
>2 3 50
>3 3 50
>4 3 50
>6 3 49
>73 49
>8 3 49
>9 3 49
03 49
1 3 49
13 49
23 49
3 3 50
43 50
5 3 50
53 51
63 51
63 51
73 52
7 3 52
73 53
8 3 54
83 55
8 3 56
83 57
83 58
83 59
13 0 37 0
14* 1 17 1
0-1 58 2
16 2 35 2
17 3 11 3
18 3 48 4
19 4 23 4
20 4 59 5
21 5 40 6
C 6 24 6
23 7 12 7
24 8 8 8
25 9 15 9
2610 28 11
27 11 43 -
281 0 16 0
^ 1 16 1
December. November. Oct ober. September. August. July. June. May. April. March. February. January. | Month.
THE ILLUSTRATED LOUDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
TIMES OF THE RISING, SOUTHING, AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS.
20
MERCURY.
VENUS.
MARS.
JUPITER.
SATURN.
URANUS.
Rises.
SouthB.
8otB.
Rises.
SouthB.
Sets.
Rises.
Souths.
Sets.
Rises.
Souths.
Sets.
Rises. |
Souths* |
Sets.
Rises.
Sou tli s.
Seta.
II. M.
1 6 53m
H. M.
10 50m
H. M.
2 46 a
H. M.
5 34m
H. M.
9 47m
11. M.
2 0*A
H. M.
11 10m
II. M.
5 7a
H. M.
11 5 A
II. M,
7 65 a
H. M.
3 12m
11. M.
10 26m
11. M.
9 7a
U. M. 1 11. M.
4 3m 10 55m
II. M.
138 a
H. M.
9 42 a
II. M.
5 50M
S 711
11 2
2 53
5 48
9 54
2 0
10 55
5 0
11 6
7 33
2 52
10 7
8 46
3 43
10 36
1 18
9 22
5 30
7 27
11 16
3 5
6 0
10 1
2 3
10 42
4 53
11 5
711
2 31
9 47
8 25
3 23
10 16
0 58
9 2
5 10
740
11 30
3 20
6 10
10 8
2 6
10 28
4 46
11 5
648
2 9
9 26
8 4
3 3
9 56
0 38
8 42
4 50
7 49
1145
3 41
6 18
10 15
2 12
10 12
4 38
11 5
6 25
148
9 6
744
2 42
9 36
0 18
8 22
4 30
7 65
0 lA
4 8
6 25
10 23
2 21
9 58
4 31
11 4
6 2
126
8 45
7 22
2 21
9 16
11 68m
8 2
4 10
7 57m
0 20 A
4 44 A
6 31m
10 31m
2 31a
9 41m
4 23 a
11 6a
6 34 a
0 59m
8 20m
6 56 a
1 56m
8 52m
11 34m
7 38A
3 46m
7 54
0 35
5 18
6 33
10 38
243
9 28
416
11 4
6 11
0 37
7 59
6 34
135
8 32
1114
718
3 26
7 50
0 50
5 52
6 33
10 45
2 58
9 13
4 9
11 5
4 47
0 15
7 38
6 12
1 14
8 12
10 54
6 58
3 6
3 7 42
1 4
6 27
6 31
10 61
3 11
8 59
4 2
11 5
4 23
11 48 A
7 18
5 50
0 63
7 52
10 34
6 38
2 46
7 31
1 14
6 59
6 29
10 57
3 26
8 46
3 55
11 6
4 0
11 26
6 56
5 29
0 32
7 31
10 15
6 19
2 27
3 717
1 18
7 22
6 23
11 2
3 43
8 32
3 49
11 7
3 36
11 4
6 35
5 7
Oil
711
9 55
5 69
2 7
L 7 7m
1 15 a
7 25 a
6 20m
11 6m
3 51a
S 24m
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153
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6 30m
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149
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11 55m
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57
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE FRUITS OF THE SEASON.
NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER.
“ The close of the year ! ” —That is a sombre sentence — as everything is
sombre which, tells us that we shail see it,.no more.; V/ell, let lis taken
stroll in the orchard. Ah! it Iftokfc dnSfy enough -^'wthinr bilt bare
branches; yet they have budAlipon therriT and they’.^tfmind ns .that
when n, fuw months are passed^-HBen .will' ‘ ‘ the" ^)rin§.leaw» ^flcwaib^vgiihi, n
and 1862 will liave arrived, m/d ?.»fc das &>pp. that he will mwh^isnnnier
countenance than his old us also pass though that
strongly-baired door int^^^ultato^^iiud'Htheh we rihVill^ook brighter-
over the close of the yeggJ^ Ah- it aS'not dreary here !, Let'us give our
readers a hint or two about fryic-afeeping, and . their, if they have a will-
stored fruit-room, and p^^f^ceping varieties of\aWgiea aildt pears, with
bushels of walnuts and filberts, may.in afte/^^fpdh. jocund, as we
always do when wo visit our fruljfetaoirC i
Keep your apples and pears id* «wct all which* at
once keep them in bushel-sized brfefyityotkhch pons wTtlj^rers. Put them
in carefully, each sorb by itself; im-.
for dessert. Let the fruit-room oiutho nyrjlh tide or the house Keep
your walnuts and filberts in simillr.ipans in a Mrhilar’room, tho latter in
their husks, and the former with .Mo salt sprinkled*'over them ; or,
what is better, dipped in salt and w® r o&fo a month..and. then pat back
into the pan without being wiped. jt h ( " ‘ l
We have now in season of dessert-apx^s^AsJiaiciidlfi'kafkel, Boston russet,
Claygato pearmain, Downton n'onpaf&H, '\*old©u vH&rvcy,' Mannipgton’s
pearmain, Ord’s apple, and Sam Youni'-pesides soiye others equally good.
Of pears we have fit for table-£^a,urre d’Aremberg, Bturru Did,
Chaumontel, Glont moreqau, Virgouleuse, and some others.
We have also filberts. And here lefc uatoll—what is not generally known—
that there is a vast difference in thc^xcellonce of the* kernel and in the
keeping qualities of these. North, •arb equal for these qualities to the
Cosford and Lambert filbert. T^litfer Is ynore generally known as the
Kentish or filbert cob. '• ' . r v' V 'V
And now lotus glide on to Cfii^p&^tiuq-^that time whenorange3 and
lemons arc crushed-.in li^cat^ibS^d thpu- peels candied'and carved in
every form and modd that 'ingcnluu^ehokS &nd. confectionors can conffiVe. •
A rare and prolifid fiuilily i^hat Of^the .orangf ond lemon ; dor ihey are
brethren, thouglyof.tfompe'r, of divers acidity ; and they have-other bjennjen
of equally joyous associations, dyed the .citron, the shaddock, and tho lime.
Why. wo have here before us an entire volume upon tliis bacchanal family,
a tail folio of four hundred and eighty pages, entitled “Hesperides; or,
Four Books on the Culture^ and Use of tho Golden Apples.” It was
published at Rome in ; 1G46, and had as its author a learned Jesuit, one
John Baptist Feminus; and a jolly Jesuit was ho; and, as ho descants upon
a hospitality that was to embrace the whole world, we have no doubt* he
knew well liow to brew good punch by the aid of the fruits on which he
descanted. Let our readers look into that volume when the opportunity is
theirs, for in it.are engravings from tho burins of Greuter and Eloemavt
that are worth'tv Caspian bowl to look upon.
A more recent writer on* the orange family is Professor Targioni, of
Florence. He observes that they are all of Eastern origin, and mostly
introduced into Europe in comparatively modern days, but of very ancient
and general cultivation in Asia. The varieties known are very numerous
and difficult to reduce accurately to their species, on the limits of which
botanists t^re much divided in opinion. Those who have bestowed the
most pains on the investigation of Indian botany, and on whose judgmont
we should placo the most confidence, have come to the'conclusion that the
citron, the orange, tho lemon, tho lime, and their numerous varieties now
in cultivation, are all derived from one botanical species, Citrus nut lira,
indigenous to, and still found wild in, tho mountains of Eastern India.
Others, it is true, tell us that the citron, the orange, and the lime are to bo
found as distinct types in different valleys, even in their wild states; but
these observations do not appear to have been made ydt*! that accuracy
and critical caution which would be n-cessary in the case of trees so long
and so generally cultivated.
With regard to the shaddock (Citrus decumano), dl is almost universally
admitted as a distinct species, although at present only known in a state of
cultivation. It must be admitted also that it appears'tp,' present more
constant characters than most of tho others.in the pubescence of its young
shoots, and in the size of its flowers, besides the differences in the fruit;.
but Dr. liuchaii.m Hamilton, who is if great authority on such matters,
and some-others, are inclined to believe that this also originated in the
Citrus umli&t. This point requires much further investigation and a better
knowledge'of the flora of South-eastern Asia before wo can come to any
plausible conclusion. Professor Targioni gives copious details of tbo intro¬
duction into Tuscany and other parts of Italy of many of the varieties there
cultivated, for which we must refer to the work itself. It may suffice for
our present purpose to extract a few notes on some of the more important
races or’ species, according as they may be considered. . Among them all
tee earliest known was the citron. It is hot, however, that fruit, or any
citrus, acodrdmg to Professor Targioni, that wo read of in the Bible under
tjae name'of Hadar, as is asserted by some, neither is it anywhere alluded
to by Homer. The first mention wo have of it is in a comedy of Antiplianes,
quoted by rthena3u.s, ; in vyliieh it is Said that tho seeds of the citron had
been recently -sent by the King of P’orsia as a present to tho-Greeks.
Theophrastus ’ibe-lii-st who. describes it: he tells us the fruit was not
eaten, but?. sMWjfc&jdli'for its odour and as a means of keeping moths off
woollenfei^bnlg. v%8mmg the Romans We find an allusion to the citron in
Virgil’s vqUt it does not. appear to have been introduced into
Italy; ffli.-d ling after Virgil’s death, made no mention of it, and
Pliny, as it were of! the passage of Theophrastus, adds
that it 'hiurnSi^Sjwideavoi'tred to transport plants of the citron, which he
calls ^faluS tuedica," or iMalus Assyria, into Italy, but without effect, as it
wv.v vJd (jply grew in 'M^dia - and Persia. Palladius, however, in tho fifth
cenf&rsygiytis many -details of tho modes of propagating and cultivating
this’trie, *y^iiph r he '$a^s,:he had carried on with success on his Sardinian
and Neapblitad possessions. It was, therefore, in all probability in the
course of tho third or fourth centuries that tho citron was introduced and
established in Italy.
The mass of ovidenco collected by Professor Targioni seems to show that
oranges were first brought from India into Arabia in the ninth century ;
that they were unknown in Europe, or at any rate in Italy, in the eleventh,
but were shortly afterwards carried westward by the Moors. They were
in cultivation at Seville towards the end of the twelfth century, and at
Palermo in the thirteenth, and probably also in Italy, for it is said that
St. Dominic planted an orange for the Convent of 8. Sabina in Romo in the
year 1200. In tho course of tho thirteenth century the Crusaders found
citrons, oranges, and lemons very abundant in Palestine; aud in the
fourteenth, both oranges and lemons became common in several parts of
.Italy. It appears, however, that the original importation of lemons from
Indiana to Arabia and Syria occurred about a century later than that of
oranges.
. The shaddock is believed to have followed a different route in its migra¬
tion into Europe. Most abundantly cultivated in, and possibly indigenous
to, tho south-eastern extremity of tho Asiatic continent, it is said to
hare been carried thence to the West Indies, and from Jamaica mid
Barbadoes to Eng!and, early in the eighteenth century. It was, however,
certainly previously known in Italy, for it is described and figured by
Ferrari, in 1046, as having been sent from Genoa to the garden of Carlo
Oadehas, near Naples. There is no record of its first introduction to Genoa,
wh ether from the East or tho West.
Innumerable varieties of citrons are cultivated at Florence, where they
liave ever been great favourites as objects of curiosity as well as for their
•ftpwers and fruits. Among them is a very singular one called Bizzarria,
raised by hybridising and cross grafting, in which tho same tree xiroduees
oranges, lemons, and citrons, often on the same branch, and sometimes
combined into one fruit, a curious case, and one analogous to that of the well-
known hybrid by grafting between the Ci/tisus laburnum and C. purpureus.
Wo have only space to particularise what Dr. Mavtyn gathered concerning
the introduction of oranges into England.
“The first Cluna orange (says Evelyn) that appeared in Europe was sent
for a present to tho old Condo Mellor, then Prime Minister to the King of
Portugal; but of that whole case that came to Lisbon there was but ono
only plant which escaped the being so spoiled and tainted that with great
care it hardly recovered to be since become the parent of all thoso
flourishing trees of that name cultivated by our gapdenefs, though not
without sensibly degenerating. Receiving this account, adds oflr famous
' planter, from the illustrious son of tho Conde, I thought fit to mention it
for an instance of what industry may produce in loss than lialf an ago.
South America and the West Indies have been furnished with this fruit,
so salutary and agreeable to the palates of the people, and bo congenial to
those hot climates, from Spain and Portugal.”
Mr. Miller informs us that he 6cnt two small trees of the true Seville
oranges to Jamaica, where this sort was then wanted, and that from these
maiiy other trees were budded, which produced plenty of fruit. Some of
these were sent to England; and, although they were so long on their
passage, 3 r et they were greatly superior to any of the fruit imported from
Spain and Portugal, affording three dines the quantity of juice.
In England this tree has been cultivated certainly siaco 1620. The first
shifts made to preserve it will not be uninteresting to the reader.
“The orange-tree (says Parkinson) hath abiden with some extraordinary
looking and tending of it, when as neither citron or lommon trees would
by any means be preserved any long time. Some keepe them in great
square boxes, and lift them to and fro by iron hooks on the sides, or cause
thorn to be rovvled by trundels, or small wheeles under them, to place them
in an house, or close gallerie, for the winter time : others plant them against
a bricke wall in tlio ground, and defend them by a she J of boardes, covered
with scare-cloth in the winter and by the warmth of a stove, or other such
thing, give them some comfort in the colder times, but no tent or meane
provision will preserve them.”— Paradisus , 584.
But Bishop Gibson, in his additions to Camden’s “ Britannia,” probably
from Aubrey, says that the orange-trees at Beddington, in .Surrey, intro¬
duced from Italy by a knight of the noble family of tho Carews (Sir
Francis), were the first that were brought into England; that they were
planted in the open ground under a movable cover curing tho winter
mouths ; and that these had been growing there more than one hundred
years, that is, before 1505—the' first edition of “ Camden,” by Bishop
Gibson, being printed in 1696.
The editors of the “ Biographia Britannica,” article “ Raleigh,” speaking
from a tradition preserved in itlio family, tell us that these orange-trees
were raised by Sir Francis Carow from the seeds of tho first oranges which
were imported into England by Sir Walter Raleigh, who had married his
niece, tho daughter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton. But this is not probable,
for the plants raised from these seeds would have required to be inoculated
in order to produce fruit. And it is much more likoly that they were plants
brought from Italy.
Professor Bradley reports that they always bore fruit in great plenty and
perfection : that they grew on the south side of a wall, not nailed against it,
but at full liberty to spread. And by the account of Mr. Henry Day. the
gardener, they were fourteen feet high, the girt of tho st5m 29 inches, and
the spreading of the branches one way 9 feet, and 12 feet another.
These trees wero entirely killed by the great frost in 1739-40. The year
before they had been inclosed by a permanent building, after tho manner
of a greenhouse, so that it is uncertain whether the dampness of the new
walls, and tho want of so much air and light as the trees had been
accustomed to, might not have destroyed them, if the frost had not
happened.
In conclusion, lot us revel a little among the Yule-tide festivities, and
commence by giving this well-proved recipe for that luscious bowl of con¬
trarieties yclept punch-
one of acid, two of sweel.
Three of stioug, aud four of -weak.
Now, that “ strong” should be equal parts of rum and brandy, and thus,
there being fi ve ingredients, we have the key to tho derivation of its name.
“ At Nerule (near Goa) is made the best arrack, with which the English on
this coast make that enervating liquor called paunch (which is the
Hindostanee word for five) from its five ingredients.”—Fryer’.? “ Travels in
the Past Indies, 1672.”
And now, reader, let us conclude with this old Christmas verse :—
Ln ! now ia come our joyful’at feast
Let every trim be jolly •
Each room with ivy leaves be drest.
And every post with holly.
Xow, all our neighbours’ cbimnies smoke.
And Christmas blocks are burning ;
Their ovens they with baked meats choke.
And all their spits are turning.
Without the door let sorrow li9 ;
And, If from cold it haps to die,
We’ll bury’t in a Christmas pie
And ever more be merry.
58
NOVEMBER AND
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
Worth
d ^
O'
Ingress^*
East.
Eg I'ess
. West
South
METEOR SEEN KY MR. M'NEVI.v.
D
01
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
PHASES OF SATURN, 1861.
SATURN APRIL 7, 1856, AS SEEN BY MR. BONO.
METEOR SEEN IN NORTH AMERICA, JULY 20, 1860,
At 9h. 45m. p.m. of the 20tli of Julytho moat brilliant meteor which has
been visible fur sorno time was seen by several observers in North America.
The descriptions of it are, however, much at variance, bo’h as to size
and colour and shape. Some describe it as two dumbbelIs tied together ;
others saw several distinct bodies ; some observers describe it as big as a
man’s head, and others not larger than a man’s fist. The colours seen are
variously described as red, white, blue, green, silver, and orange mixed, <fcc.
In some places it is described as exploding with a loud report, and throwing
off pieces. Professor Mitchell saw it when near the star Antares. Be
thinks that it really passed between Alhany and New York, and comes to
the conclusion that it -was some twenty-seven miles above the surface of
the Earth. Tlic Engravings oi it here given are from Harper's Weekly , and
were taken by Mr. J Adams, at Saratoga Springs; by Mr. Avery, at
Brooklyn ; and Mr. M’Nevin, at Long Island.
SATURN’S RINGS.
During the latter part of this month Saturn will come into opposition with,
the Sun, and be visible throughout the whole night. But. although apparently
as bright as ever to the naked eye, its appearance in a small telescope is rapidly
becoming more uninteresting, and when the planet reappears in the middle
of November its ring will be altogether invisible. In other respects, how¬
ever, it will be most interesting for those furnished with exellent telescopes *
its satellites will be more favourably seen, the irregularities of the ring will
make their appearance shortly before it vanishes entirely, as also for some
weeks after it comes into sight; and, although not presenting the same
beautiful contour, or the various brightness or many divisions of the ttrec
great rings which surround it when its northern or southern surf aces are
most exposed, it will be seen from the remarkable drawiDgs made by Mr.
Bond at the last disappearance of the ring in 1848 that even now we may
expect some curious revelations of the architecture of thi; wonderful
planetary system. As a contrast with these sketches, where we only see the
edges of the ring, wc add a drawing made by the same distinguished
astronomer, when the Earth is at its greatest elevation above the plane of
the ring. These drawings were made by means cf the same instrument—
viz., by the magnificent refractor at the Cambridge (U.S.) Observatory, of
which establishment Mr. Bond was the celebrated director. . Various
drawings of Saturn have been given in former almanacks, and it will be
useful to compare them with those taken by Mr. Bond, who has made a
complete study of this planet.
It is not to be supposed that these breaks in the light of the edge of the
ring have been disoovere l of late years. They were taken notice of by Sir
W. Herschel at the time of the disappearance of the ring in July, 1189,and
some interesting deductions were made from the observations. One point
of light which he perceived made a revolution round the planet in lOh. 32m.
15s.. and from this circumstance it appeared that it must have been situated
on the ring, and he was thence led to believe that it was an integral part of
the ring. This evidence, apparently so satisfactory, was brought into doubt
by Schroeter, who observed the planet at the next disappearance of the ring
in 1802-3. On one occasion be perceived one bright spot on the western
pait of the ring and two well-defined spots at the eastern: these three
objects he kept in sight for upwards of eight hours on a winter’s night, and
he did not perceive the slightest change in their positions during that inter¬
val. The observations of Schroeter have been confirmed, by Bond at the
hist disappearance of the ring. The latter astronomer constantly noticed
those breaks and isolated points of light along the ring, and he could not
have the slightest doubt, from repeated observations, that they remained
quite stationary. He explains his own and Schroeter’s observations by the
fact that the inner and outer edges of the ring arc both visible, whilst the
Earth and Sun are nearly in the plane of the ring. The former is thicker
than the latter, and will, consequently, reflect more light. In addition to
this, the illuminated outer edge of the inner ring will be partly visible as a
small streak of light; the outer edge of the outer ring will alone appear as
an interrupted bright line. From all these circumstances—a bit of the
inner edge of the inner ring being visible, a bit of the. .outer edge of the
same, and the very thin and, perhaps, imperceptible line of the outer ring,
turned towards the Earth and Sun—we perceive a broken and irregular
chain of illuminated points. These points will remain visible, and retain
*
62
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
R A TURN AS SEEN OCTOBER 18, 1S4S, BY MR. BOND.
their positions, whether the ring rotates or not. The phenomenon noticed
by Herschel seems to be of a different nature entirely, and may have been
an irregularity on the surface of the ring. Laplace theoretically confirmed
the period of rotation of the ring as given bv Herschol—viz., t.bat it made
a complete revolution round the planet in lOh. 32m. Schroeter imagined
that the spots detected by him were mountains on the ring of 100 miles
in height. It would appear, nevertheless, that irregularities really
exist on the ring, as, on some occasions, only one of the ansm has been
visible.
The total disappearance of the ring of Saturn occurs at 3h p m. of
November 23.
NEBULiE.
It is during the spring months that the greatest nebulous region in the
heavens is most advantageously seen, though during the summer, autumn,
and winter quarters the most remarkable ones—such as those of Orion,
Andromeda, the Dumb-bell, the great clusters situated in Ophiuchus and
Sagittarius—are more favourably examined. To reduce the fixed stars and
Milky Way. visible to the unaided sight, into one grand abstract system,
where the different magnitudes, the congregated myriads, and the order and
number of the components are taken consecutively into review, seems, in
the present state of science, as much, if not more, than it is in the power
of man to effect; but how much more difficult when the nebuku and
clusters of all shapes and forms, down to the remotest and faintest visible
in Lord Rosso’s mirror, are added to the list. In the diversity of form
observed in the latter another difficulty makes its appearance : we notice
the greatest regularity in the globular clusters—the round, elliptical, and
spiral nebula) resembling the most symmetrical of cometary shapes—whilst
in some we rather seem to behold the zigzag of the momentary spark of
lightning, or the irregular remnants of cloud scattered and torn asunder by
the tempest. Professor Alexander has been the first who has made a
detailed examination of those various objects in their individual bearing,
and who has endeavoured to Tefer their construction to the simple laws of
nature, whero we see mechanical action and chemical agency at woik in the
l same manner as in the every-day world. How difficult sue', a task can be is
made apparent from the different structures which are represented in the
present diagrams, and which are taken from the drawings collected with
such zoal by Sir J Herschel in the northern and southern heavens.
By far the greater majority of the nebuke are of a circular or elliptical
shape, and are so far regular in respect to form. They can likewise be
classified according to the degree of condensation they exhibit, some of
them being highly condensed at the centre, that pa»t being almost as
bright and as solid, apparently, as a fixed star. Between this degree and
the perfectly uniform aspect exhibited by some of those objects we find
every intermediate class. They may be again classified according to their
size and degree of brightness, which is equally variable ; and, lastly, accord¬
ing to the degree of resolution which they exhibit when examined with
powerful telescopes. This laBt expression signifies whether the object is
really nebulous (or apparently of the same nature as comets when looked at
through a telescope), or whether they can be separated into stars, whence
they take the name of clusters. By far the great majority of tho bodies
hitherto discovered of this nature belongs to tho class of proper nebula),
and the most powerful instruments have been turned on them ineffectually
to perceive any traces of stars or Btar-dust in their constitution. It is, how-
over, to be noticed that many nebulae which were formerly supposed to be
of this cometary nature have, under more modern and powerful glasses,
been recognised and separated into discrete stellar points ; and from this
circumstance, and the little and dubious knowledge we possess on purely
cometary matter, it is now generally believed that all those faint patches of
light are, in reality, masses of stars, only too far removed, the components
too small and too closely packed together, to be distinctly visible in their
starry character. The nebular hypothesis by which those objects were
presumed to be the elements of worlds of stars, or stars themselves, to be
1 hereafter developed and condensed from the chaos in which they now exist,
into solitary suns giving heat and light to attendant planets, though main¬
tained by many great names, has been gradually abandoned of late years,
and the other more natural and simpler explanation given of those great
mysterious bodies has been adopted.
Sir W. Herschel found that the nebulae in the sky are generally arranged
in strata which were sometimes of a great length. By keeping his telescope
l>3
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE CP.AP. NF.RPT.A, FROM A DRAWING P.V M. SEOCHT.
METFOR SEEN BY MR. J. A. ADAMS.
METEOR SELN BY MR. AVERY AT SARATOGA SPRINGS.
fixed and stationary, ho counted thirty-one nebulae which passed through
the field of view in an interval of thirty-six minutes. He perceived many
double nebulse, and even some triple ones, in another stratum. Some of
those objects had the form of a fan, or a brush of light; some resembled
comets; in a few the stellar and nebulous nature appeared to be combined,
or a fixed star surrounded by an uniform nebulous atmosphere. In oue or
two the central part was altogether wanting, the nebulas thus presenting
the aspect of a ring of cometary light. But the largest and brightesr,
nebulas are those which are most irregular in outline: such are those of
Orion, which resembles the head of a whale; the bright nebula in Taurus,
which throws out claws like a crab; the Dumb-bell nebula, which resembles
a double-headed shot; that in the shape of the Greek letter omega. «fec., <fcc.
CRAB NEBULA.
This is a splendid object in the constellation of Taurus, and is easily found
by means of [a small telescope ; but, in order to bring out all the details,
a high power is necessaiy when symptoms of revolution are perceived in it
and the “claws” make their appeal ance. The above Engraving is from a
drawing by Professor Secchi, and agrees closely with that made by Lord
Rosse. It is best seen during the winter months, and is situated at
5h. 24m. R. A. and 21° 54'N. declinarion.
VENUS.
During the last four months of 1861 Venus will bo the evening star, and be
increasing in brilliancy during that period. Although not favourably
situated for observation in the months of October and November, it will be
at a greater altitude during the month of December and in January of 1862.
and its various phases and the appearances on its surface can be followed
with considerable convenience up to the epoch of its inferior conjunction
with the Sun. In the accompanying diagram its different phases, and the
relative sizes of its disc, are given for the year 1861.
The 8pots on Venus, as seen with different telescopes and by different
individuals, gave rise to a very curious discussion more tban a century ago.
The observer, Biaucuini (making use of a telescope by Campani of sixty-six
feet in focal length, with which, he says, in the fine atmosphere of
Rome the planet appeared of the size of the Moon, and the dark spots on
its surface woro as distinctly visible as tbe so-called seas on our satellite),
came t<> the conclusion that the time of its rotation on its axis—the length
of its day. in other words—was equal to twenty-four of our days. On Feb¬
ruary 9, 1726, he saw two dark spots in tbe interior part of the crescent of
Venus, both of which appeared as semicircles, although of different sir.es,
that which lay towards the northern horn being considerably smaller than
that at the southern part. On March 5 of the same year he again perceived
exactly the same appearances, and in exactly the same situations. During
the interval he had seen other spots coming into sight, and he concluded
that they successively appeared from one evening to another, and that the
planet had not made more than one revolution in these twenty-four days.
In July of the same year he perceived a different series of spots, and, from
i following them day by day, he came to the conclusion that the time
taktn for Venus to rotate on its axis—the length of its day, in other words—
| was fully equal to upwards of twenty-four of our days The same result
l followed from his observations in the autumn of 1727 and the January of
1728. In order to be certain that the time cf rotation which he had deduced
—and which ho concluded was 24$ days—was quite correct, he states that
on one occasion (February 26, 1726) when he was observing the planet the
Barberini Palace intercepted his view for three hours. At the end of that
time he perceived that the spots were nearly, if not exactly, in the same
position that they were at the commencement of his observations, and he
could not, of course, believe otherwise than that the rotation of Venus was
very slow, almost as slow as the Sun, on which we observe the same spots
for nearly a fortnight.
Nearly sixty yeai s before the observations of Bianchini this planet engaged
the attention of the celebrated Cassini. But the results which the latter
deduced were totally different from those given by Bianchini, and they have
the great advantage that they were consecutively made, and the appear-
64
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR Ixfil.
> )
CLUSTER IN HERCULES, AS SEEN WITH THE TWEisTY-FEF.T REFRACTOR OF THE CAMBRIDGE OBSERVATORY BY MR. J. BREEN.
ances followed almost from mimite to miimtc. He first took notice of the
8pots of Venus in October 14, 1 (JUG, but it was not until the following April
that he observed them with sufficient accuracy to detect their motion, and
was able to deduce the time of rotation from them. On the morning of the
20th of April he perceived a bright spot on the disc of Venus, and he con¬
tinued to observe it and remark a very perceptible motion in it for some
hours. On May 9 he again saw this bright spot, and followed its motion for
upwards of an hour. On the 10th and 13th of May he saw it in the same
position as on the morning of the 9th. On the 5th and Uth of June be again
detected it. From all those observations he came to the conclusion that the
period of rotation was 23h. 21m., and that, consequently, the length of the
day of Venus was but litrle different from that of the Earth. On the publi¬
cation of Bianchini’s observations the younger Cassini attempted to reconcile
the two different series of observations made by his father and Bianchini,
and. whilst giving full credit to the latter for the truth of his descriptions
and drawings, he was of opinion that ho had unconsciously mistaken one
spot for another ; and even in the case of the observation of February 2G,
where the slow motion of the spot was apparent for an interval of three
hours, he considered that a mistake of one spot for another was committed.
This opinion has generally been received in later times, and the observations
of Cassini have been proved by numerous astronomers. The most con¬
clusive set of observations on this subject are those made by Professor Do
Vico, at Rome, in 1841, with one of Cauchoix’s telescopes of six inches
aperturo. He concluded from the spots which he observed that the time
of its rotation on its axis was 23h. 21m. 22s. The inclination of the Equator
to the ecliptic he found to be 53 deg. 12m., from which it follows that a
great change takes place in the seasons of this planet.
Schroeter attempted to deduce the timo of rotation of Venus from other
considerations. Many observers have noticed when they attentively scruti¬
nise the interior part of the crescent of Venus that they have perceived a
notched and irregular appearance (altogether different from the outer and
circular boundary) like the irregularities on the Moon, though on a more
minute scale. This they have supposed very naturally to arise from the
mountains and valleys on its surface, which are irregularly illuminated by
the sunshine. On one occasion (December 28, 1789) Bchroeter was able to
see even an isolated point of light distinctly separated from the crescent.
He was not ablo to see it for nearly two years after this time, when he
caught sight of it on December 25, 27, and 30, 1791, and, by comparing tboso
four observations one with the other, he came to the conclusion that the
| planet turned upon its axis in 23h. 20m. 59s.
i In looking at Venus attentively it will be perceived that the circular or
[exterior part is considerably brighter than the inner part of the crescent,
;and it will bo noticed that, when a thin cloud goes over it, this brighter
part of the planet will remain bright and visible when the other part has
I totally faded away. This has been supposed to be due to the atmosphere of
Venus, the rays from the Sun becoming more feeb e as they pass further
(Tom the zenith, having to pass through greater depths of the atmosphere.
The existence of an atmosphere is provtd in other respects. Thus, for
instance, when Venus presents its most slender crescent (like the Moon
when a day old), it has been noticed that tbeouter boundary always exceeds
a semicircle, which cou'd not happen if the solid body of the planet were
alone illumined by the Sun. It has, therefore, been concluded that a
portion of its atmosphere is illuminated at the same time; which would
explain the light observed exterior to the semicircle.
A small telescope will likewise show us that when Venus presents to us
phases like the Moon when between one and six days old the horns
will not be equally pointed ; and it has been noticed that, in general, the
southern is the more blunted or rounded of the two. It will likewise he
noticed that in other respects it is not a perfect crescent; that one of the
horns i« sometimes larger, or broader, than the other.
Venus has sometimes been seen durng the daytime with the naked eye
under favourable conditions of the atmrsphero, as in 1716 and 1750. It is
at its greatest lustre sixty-nine days before and after the period of inferior
conjunction.
ECLIPSES OF THE SUN AND MOON IN 1861.
The only eclipses which are visible at London during the year 1861 are the
partial eclipse of the Moon on the morniDg of December 17, and tbr* total
eclipse of the Sun (visible as a partial one at London) which occurs on the
afternoon of December 31. The former is visible to that half of the globe
whoso central point is 125 deg. of west longitude and 24 deg. 20m. of north
latitude. Consequently, as London is almost cut of those limits, and the
Moon will set about ten minutes before the middle of the eclipse, it will be
seen but very imperfectly there and at other parts of the British Islands
The magnitude of the eclipse is only 18-lOOths of the Moon’s diameter
65
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
Vertex
'Sorih'
last
CantacCy <
Fast
mt
First
X Contact
ECLTPSE OF TTTF RUN, DECEMBER 31, 1861.
First
Contact
Last
Contact
ECTJPRE OF THE MOON, DECEMBER 17, 1861.
OCCULTATION OF OMICRON LF.ONIS BY THE MOON.
DISAPPEARS APRIL 50, lH. 41 m MORN. REAPPEARS APRIL 20, 2h. 29m MORN.
OCCULTATTON OF SIGMA SGORPII BY TIIE MOON.
DISAPPEARS APRIL 26, lfU SS»I. A FT ERE. REAPPEARS APRTT. 26, llH. 38 m. ATTEP.E.
The first contact of the penumbra occurs at Dec. 17, 5h. 44m. a.m.
First contact with the shadow „ ,, 7h. 27m. ,,
Middle of the eclipse ,, ,, 8h. 18m. ,,
Last contact with the shadow ,, ,, 9h. 9m. ,,
Last contact with the penumbra ,, „ lOh. 52m. ,,
Nothing remarkable can, therefore, be expected from the observation of
this eclipse, and we netd scarcely expect to see the lustre of the Moon
perceptibly dimmed.
The eclipse of the Sun which occurs on the afternoon of December 31
will be more favourably seen. On tin's occasion nearly one-half of the Sun’s
disc will be obscured at London. The eclipse will be total in the North
Atlantic Ocean and the western part of Africa, and visible as a partial one
in South America, the South Atlantic Ocean, and a considerable part of
Africa and Europe. The times of the beginning, the greatest eclipse, and
the end, in the mean times of the places mentioned, are as follows
BEGINS. MIDDLE OK ECLIPSE. ENDS.
London.Dec. 31, lh. 51m. .. 2h. 53m. .. 3h. 52m.
Cambridge _ ,, 1 61, .. 2 53 .. 3 51
Oxford . „ 1 45 .. 2 47 .. 3 45
Liverpool. „ 1 37 .. 2 37 .. 3 33
Dublin.. 1 21 .. 2 20 .. 3 16
Edinburgh ... ,, 1 36 .. 2 33 .. 3 27
At London 47-100ths of the iSun’s disc is obscured ; at Cambridge, 46-100ths;
it Oxford, 45-lOfHhs ; at Liverpool, 41-100ths; at Dublin, 38-100tbs; and at
Edinburgh, 37-100tns.
In the Almanacks for 1858 and 1860 full particulars are given of the
phenomena which are observed in partial and total eclipses. In the present
iustmee scarcely any diminution of light mav be expected, considerable as
rhe portion of the Sun’s disc which is obscured may appear. To those
furnished with telescopes, however, the examination of the pointed
xtremities of the solar crescent may be of interest. These may appear
rounded, or blunted, or otherwise distorted from the elevations and depres¬
sions on the lunar surface ; and the same may, perhaps, be seen along the
periphery of the Moon when projected on the Sun. To the general observer,
however, the late eclipses of 1858 and 1860 mav be an example of the degree
of darkness and the phenomena which may be expected. Both of those
were considerably greater than the present one.
In addition to the eclipse of the Moon on December 16, which will be
visible during its total phase in America, and, towards the end, in Asia and
Australia, and that of the Suu on December 31, visible in the western part
of Europe, Asia Minor, the northern part of Africa, the northern part of
South America, and the southern part of North America, there will be two
other eclipses of the Sun, neither of which will, however, be visible at
London, viz :—
Eclipse of the Sun on January 10. 1861. Australia is the only part of
terra flrma on which this eclipse will be visible, with the exception of some
of the islands belonging to Africa snd Asia.
Eclipse of the Sun on July 7, 1861. This eclipse will be visible in the
southern part of Asia and the greater northern part of Australia, as likewise
in many of the islands lying near those parts.
JUPITER’S SATELLITES.
Since the discovery of the four satellites of Jupiter, on January 7, 1610, by
Galileo, they have been made the subject of the labours of many successive
astronomers in regard to the exact theory of their movements, affording,
as those latter do, an easy and very simple, although not very exact, method
of determiniog tho longitude. Thus it has been noticed that if two ob¬
servers, furnished with two instruments of different power, determine the
time of the disappearance, or reappearance, of any of the satellites from
the shadow of Jupiter, tlieir results will differ in most cases by many
seconds, and sometimes by many minutes. The longitudes deduced from
the immersions and emersions have, likewise, been found to differ con¬
siderably: thus, it was found that the difference of longitude between Paris
and Vienna would be 55m. 35s. in taking the immersions of the first and
second satellites, and 56m. 43s. in making use of the emersions only ; but
the mean of the two, or 56m. 9s., agrees pretty closely with the true differ¬
ence of longitude, or 56m. 11s. This will serve as a favourable example
of the degree of accuracy which may be expected from such observations.
66
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
JUPITER'S SATELLITES. RV J1R. DAWES.
yj&c
RELATIVE APPEARANCES OF MARS DURING THE YEAR 1S61.
As a means of clctormining the approximate longitude, however, it will
doubtless continue to bo made use of, although the Moon will'always be
preferred in obtaining the exact result. In making these and similar
observations, the observer should be very careful in having the instrument
m a convenient position, and in being himself perfectly at ease, and likewise
m having the eye at rest shortly before the moment of occultation A
neglect of this advice frequently deteriorates the observation.
There are a few instances on record of one, if not more, of the satellites
being visible to the naked eye, but, although they are as bright as stars of
the sixth magnitude, yet their proximity to the primary planet makes them
as invisible to the unaided sight as stars of the sixth magnitude are at the
time of full Moon. It will be noticed as they pass behind the disc of Jupiter
or into the shadow of the planet, or when the Moon passes over them that
they take a perceptible time before they totally disappear; thus showing
that they have perceptible discs, and, in this respect, being unlike the stars,
which disappear suddenly and in the “ twinkling of an eye.” M. Wliiston
found that the first satellite employs lm.lOs., the second 2m.20s , the third
jjm. 40s , and the fourth 5m. 30s. to enter into the shadow of tho planet
The real diameter of the first satellite, as seen from the Earth, is almost
exactly one second of an arc; that of the second satellite, 91-100ths of a
second ; that of the third is equal to 1 second and 49 lOOths; and that of the
fourth to l second and 27-100ths. As seen from the surface of Jupiter, tho
first satellite would appear in the sky as nearly of the same size as the
Moon. . 8 ® cond and third satellites would appear about half the size of
the Moon in diameter, whilst the fourth would only be one-quarter of the
size of the Moon. They vary between two and threo thousand miles in
diameter.
The telescopic aspects of those bodies have engaged the attention of
the possessors of powerful telescopes, who have deduced some curious
results from thpm. It has been found that they vary very considerably in
brightness, and appear to alternate in lustre from evening to evening, the
first satellite taking the lead in brilliancy on one evening, occasionally the
second is as bright as tho others, but the third is for the most part that
which appears of the greatost magnitude. The first satellite is of a quiet
yellow tint; the second is whiter, and even sometimes takes an ashy or
bluish tint; the colour of the third is white; and that of the fourth of a
dark grey, although Herschel thought that he sometimes detected an
orange or even reddish tint in its otherwise quiet colour. At other times
he thought that ho perceived spots on its surface, and a large spot at the
centre was occasionally so conspicuous that tho satellite presented an
annular appearance, being brightest at the edges, by carefully following
and noting their fluctuations of brilliancy, Herschel came to the conclu¬
sion that this occurred periodically, and at particular parts of their orbits,
as he found that the first and second satellites were brightest at that part
of their orbits wbii’.h is between the greatest easterly elongation and con¬
junction. The third satellite was found to bo brightest at the two elongations,
and the fourth a short time before and after the opposition. There could
only be ono way of accounting for those changes—viz , that those satellites,
like our own Moon, always turn the same face to the primary planet, whilst
SPOTS ON JUPITER’S SATELLITES.
to a spectator on the earth every part of their surface was successively
visible, but, as those changeable hemispheres had Dot tho same reflective
powers, they of course varied at the same time in brilliancy
That the satellites vary on successivo nights iu brightness is easily per¬
ceptible with the help of a small telescope. But it requires not only a
very powerful instrument, but a very keen sight and an extraordinarily
^ibf t S°T? here ’ ™ ° rdG \ to de * ect tbo a PP caran ccs seen by Profossor
Secchi at Borne. These observations do not confirm the discoveries of
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK FOR 1861.
THE MOON WHEN FULL AND GIBBOUS—FROM PHOTOGRAPH* TAI.EN WITH THE NORTHUMBERLAND TELESCOPE BY MR. J BREEN.
Horsclicl in rogard to tho satellite always turning the same face towards
its primary, and is in opposition to the theory that the time of rotation of
the satellite on its axis is equal to the time in which it makes a revolution
rouud the planet. But th se observations require confirmation. and a
further series of them must be made before th* fact detected by Hertchel
can be laid aside. In the meantime we give the figures iu which Professor
Secchi represents the spots seen by hitu in the satellites; and also their
appearance while transiting the disc of the planet, as seen by the Rev.W. R.
Dawes.
PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE MOON.
In the Illustrated London Almanack for 1860 au Engraving of a positive
photograpti of the Moon is given, taken by means of the Northumberland
telescope of tho Cambridge Observatory. We here give three other
photographs taken by the same instrument and means—one when the
Moon is about half full, which is the best time to see it. A shoit description
of the different features in the lunar surface is given in the Illustrated
London Almanack for lSdO.
THE HARVEST MOON.
By looking down the column of “Moon Rising” during the months of
August, September, and October, litwiil be seen that when the Moon is
near the full it rises nearly at the same time on successive nights, whilst
the differences of the times of setting are then the greatest. This phenome¬
non is called the Harvest Moon, and the continual presence c f its full orb
throughout the night adds greatly to the charm of that beautiful season.
The husbandman aud gleaner, thus favouied by nature, can pursue their
labours far into the night; and tho huntsman is cheered up and lighted
onward on his homeward path by the calm splendour of our satellite, which
i8 rising in all its majesty in the east, at the same time as the orb of day is
sotting in the west. Tho cause of this phenomenon lies in the fact that the
Moon, whilst constantly moving towards tho east (by whicli its times of
rising and setting, if it remained at the same distance from the Equator,
would gJmsjrs be retarded), is continually changing its place to the north
and south of the Equator. If the effects of the eastward motion, combined
with the motion of the Moon to the south, will thus sometimes retard the
rising of the Moon more than the former alone would do, it will also act in
a contrary sense, and, if the Moon when passing to the east at the same
time be moving towards the north, the latter will partially compensate foi
the former, and, even in very northerly latitudes, the northerly mutionof the
Moon will so check the retardation in the time of rising produced by its
easterly movement that it may sometimes rise at the same moment on two
consecutive evenings. In other words, when the Moon is in Leo she may
rise lh 17m. later every day ; but when it is in Aries her orbit is so oblique
to tho horizon that thirteen degrees of it rise in the short spsce of seven¬
teen minutes, so that when the Muon is in the latter position it will rise
for several successive nights at the same hour. It might be thought that
this phenomenon would he noticed every month, as the Moon is in the con¬
stellation of Aries at each revolution, but, though this certainly happens,
yet it is only when the Moon is full that it appears so remarkable as to
c itch the popular attention As the Sun and Moon are in opposite signs
when tho latter is full, the Sun will be in the signs of Virgo and Libra when
the Moon is in Pisces and Aries, and, consequently, it must be in the
autumnal months that the most favourable times fur observing this pheno¬
menon will happen. There will thus be two full Moons in the year in which
it will rise for almost a week together at the same time as the Sun sets.
The first is the Harvest Moon, in Septemoer ; the second the Huntsman’s
Moon, in October.
As the Moon is not situated in the ecliptic, but moves in a circle inclined
to it, it may happen that some of the Harvest M-mus are more remaikablc
than others ; this cause, likewise, producing an influence on the successive
times of rising of the Moon at this period of the year. The most remark¬
able Harvest Moons occur at intervals of 18J years, as in 1X02, 1820. 1X39,
1857, 1875, <fec., when the Moon rises nearly at the same time f«*r the longest
period. The least beneficial occur likewise at the same riervals of
time, such as those of 1812, 1x31, 1849, 1867, &c. We can reacuiy follow the
phenomenon of the Harvest Moon by drawing its course, when in the signs
of Pisces and Aries, on a celestial globe,by which all the changes can easily
be seen.
The phenomenon of the Moon rising at the same, instant on two consecutive
evenings can scarcely take place in the British Islands The latitude of
the place must exceed 61 deg. to allow of this taking place strictly.
During the months ot August, September, and October, we can watch the
Moon's changes very conveniently, and, with the help of a moderate tele¬
scope, observe tho illuminated stripe which successively comes into sight
every evening, and tho variations produced in the shadows of the mountains
by the different altitudes of the Sun at those portions cf the lunar orb. We
give a telescopic photograph of the appearance of the Half Moon as taken
with tho Northumberland equatorial of the Cambridge Observatory by
Mr. J. Breen. It is copied from a positive collodion picture.
66
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER.
BROWN AND POLSON’S
PATENT CORN FLOUR.
THE “LANCET” STATES:
“ THIS IS SUPERIOR TO ANYTHING OF THE KIND KNOWN.”
First of tlie kind Manufactured and Patented in the United Kingdom and France, as explained, with Engravings, in the
Illustrated London News of May 26. Supplied by BROWN and POLSON to her Majesty the Queen, by order from
Buckingham Palace. It. is in great favour, wherever it has been made known, for
PUDDINGS, BLANCMANGE, etc.,
Preferred to tlie best arrowroot, and especially suited to the delicacy of
CHILDREN AND INVALIDS.
FOR BREAKFAST OR SUPPER
it needs only to be boiled with Milk for Four Minutes, and served with a little sugar.
FOR BLANCMANGE,
One quart of milk to 3i ounces flour. Mix the flour in half a pint of the milk, put the remainder in a saucepan with tw 0
ounces loaf sugar and a few drops of essence to flavour. When the milk is near boiling, pour in the mixed flour, and boil for
four minutes, stirring all the time ; pour it into moulds, and, when cold, serve with cream and jam or stewed fruit.
Sold by Grocers, Chemists, &c., &c., throughout the United Kingdom : in Packets, Jib., Jib., and lib.; and in Tins lib,, 71b., 141b.
Also in India, the Colonies, and all Foreign Parts.
TRADE MARK AND RECIPES ON EACH PACKET.
BROWN AND POLSON,
MANUFACTURERS, AND PURVEYORS BY APPOINTMENT
TO HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
PAISLEY, MANCHESTER, D TJ B LIN, AND
23, IRONMONGER-LANE, LONDON.
E
69
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER.
SLACKS SILVER ELECTRO PLATE
IS A STRONG COATING OF PURE SILVER OVER NICKEL.
MANUFACTURED SOLELY BY RICHARD AND JOHN SLACK,
Tlie fact of Twenty Years’ use is ample proof of its durability, and in the hardest wear it can never show the brassy
under surface so much complained of by many purchasers of Electro-Plate.
EVERY ARTICLE FOR THE TABLE AS IN SILVER.
OLD GOODS REPLATED EQUAL TO NEW.
Electro-Plated
Fiddle Pattern-
£ s. d.
Strong Plated
Fiddle Pattern.
£ s. d.
£
Thread
Pattern,
s. d.
King’s and Thread,
with sheU.
£ s. d.
12 Table Forks
10
0
1
18
0
2
8 0
3
0 0
12 Dessert Forks .. ..
.1
0
0
1
10
0
1
15 0
2
2 0
12 Table Spoons
10
0
1
18
0
2
8 0
3
0 0
12 Dessert Spoons
.1
0
0
1
10
0
1
15 0
2
2 0
12 Tea Spoons
.0
12
0
0
18
0
1
3 6
1
10 0
Cruet Frames from 18s. 6d.; Egg Frames, 38s. 6d.; Comer Dishes, £6 15s. set of Four.
SLACKS’ IVOKY TABLE KNIVES, BALANCE HANDLE,
■Warranted not to come loose in the Handles.
Tables, 16s., 20s., 22s.; Dessert, 11s., 14s,, 15s. 6d. per Dozen.
SLACKS’ GENERAL FURNISHING IRONMONGERY WAREHOUSE.
Families Furnishing who study Economy will find it to their advantage to inspect their Stock and compare the Prices.
Black Fenders, 3s. 6d. to 6s. Bronzed Fenders, 10s. to 30s. Bright Steel and Ormolu, 65s. Bedroom Fireirons, 3s. to 5s. 9d. I
Drawing-room ditto, 10s. 6d. to 30s. Improved Coal Boxes, 4s. 6d. Coal Scoops, 2s. 6d. to 13s, 6d.
Copper ditto, 23s. to 35s. Dish Covers, 18s. Set of Six. Queen’s Pattern, 28s. Set of Six.
SLACKS’ ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE,
WITH 350 DRAWINGS AND PRICES, MAY BE HAD GRATIS OR POST-FREE.
Orders sent Carriage-free per rail.
GOLD WATCHES—GENTLEMEN’S.
GOLD CASES AND JEWELLED.
QUALITY.
A
B
C
Horizontal construction, enamel
dial, four holes jeweUed
Gs.
Gs.
Gs.
10
8
6
Ditto, gold dial and strong case
Bennett’s superior London-made
12
10
7
patent Lever, jewelled
17
14
12
GOLD WATCHES—LADIES'.
GOLD CASES AND JEWELLED.
Horizontal construction, gold
dial .
Patent Lever (Genova) ..
Ditto (English) highly finished
B I C
Gs.
The performance of every watch is guaran-
nt the end of tho first year -
have not boon broken, and has never been in
another watchmaker’s hands.
BENNETT,
65 AND 64, CHEAPSIDE,
AND AT THE CITY OBSERVATORY,
6 2, CORNHILL,
MAKER TO THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY, BOARD OF ORDNANCE,
TO HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
THE ADMIRALTY, THE BOARD OF TRADE,
THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY,
And many of the largest English and Foreign Railways.
WATCHES FREE AND SAFE BY POST.
SILVER WATCHES-GENTLEMEN’S.
SILVER CASES AND JEWELLED
QUALITY.
A
B
C
Horizontal construction, sound
Gs.
Gs.
Gs.
and seviceable.
5
4
3
Superior Lever (Geneva), ten
jewels.
7
6
5
Bennett’s London-made Levers
8
6
5
SILVER WATCHES—LADIES'.
SILVER CASES AND JEWELLED.
QUALITY.
A
B
1 c
Horizontal construction, neat
Gs.
Gs.
1 Gs.
and flat, beautifully engraved
cases .
5
4
! 3
Superior Geneva Lever
6
5
4
Elegant Silver Dinls, 10s. 6d. ex
Small London-made Levers ..
7
6
5
Every description of haU, shop, and railway
station dials and clocks, now first manufactured
by steam machinery—on very advantageous
terms, and by special contract, in any quanti¬
ties, of the best materials and workmanship.
Sizes and prices immediately forwarded ou
application.
CLOCKS MADE BY STEAM.
J. BENNETT,
WATCH-MANUFACTURER, 65 AND 64, CHEAPSIDE, AND THE CITY OBSERVATORY, 62, CORNHILL,
is now prepared to supply RAILWAY and all other PUBLIC COMPANIES with STATION and other CLOCKS, manufactured by
STEAM MACHINERY, at reduced contract prices.
Unon the receipt of a Post-office order to JOHN BENNETT, 65 and 64, CHEAPSIDE, for Half-a-Crown, in addition to the above Prices,
r - the Dial wiH be packed and forwarded to any part of the Kingdom.
AN EFFICIENT BODY OF ENGLISH AND SWISS WORKMEN ON THE PREMISES FOR THE REPAIR AND ADJUSTMENT
OF WATCHES AND CLOCKS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
70
»-
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER.
CROWNED WITH SUCCESS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD!
Diuloma awarded to Tliorley’s Food by the
PENNSYLVANIA
STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Silver Medal awarded by the
KEIGHLEY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Prizes awarded to Thorley’s Condiment
in August, 1860, at the following
Agricultural Shows:—
STOKESLEY MEETING, MIDDLESBRO
MEETING, HALIFAX MEETING.
&© oiwf mam wto k'sujps
REDUCTION
IN
PRICE
OP
11s. per Case.
IT CONVERTS
TI-IE COMMONEST OF HAY AND STRAW INTO A SUPERIOR
REDUCTION
IN
PRICE
OP
10s. per Barrel.
PROVENDER.
CARRIAGE PAID TO ANY RAILWAY STATION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
A saving of FOUR SHILLINGS per Week in the keep of a Horse, together
with a bright eye, sleek coat, and an improved condition, through the use of
Fifteen Pennyworth of THORLEY’S FOOD FOR CATTLE.
N.E. A Pamphlet post-free.
An extra SIX QUARTS of Rich Milk Daily (equal to London Cream),
through using Two Pennyworth of THORLEY’S CONDIMENT.
A saving of TWENTY PER CENT in the Mortality of Sheep and Calves,
through the use of One Halfpennyworth of THORLEY’S COMPOUND to
each animal daily.
A PIG FATTENED in half the usual time, and the Bacon upwards of Two¬
pence per pound superior in quality, through the daily use of Two Pennyworth
of THORLEY’S FOOD FOR CATTLE. Write for a Pamphlet.
REDUCED PRICES.
1 Cask, containing 44S Feeds (loose), with measure inclosed, and Joseph Thorley’s signature burnt thereon, weighing net 1 cwt. £2 Os.
1 Case, containing 448 Packets, each Packet one Feed, with Joseph Tliorley’s signature engraved thereon, weighing net 1 cwt., £2 5s.
Carnage paid to any Railway Station in the United Kingdom, from my Manufactory. Each order must be accompanied with a remittance made payable to
JOSEPH THORLEY, 77, NEWGATE-STREET, LONDON.
A Pamphlet sent free by post on application. Agents required in every town where none are already appointed.
ALLSOPP’S PALE OR BITTER ALE.
M ESSRS. SAMUEL ALLSOPP and SONS beg to inform tlie TRADE that they are now registering
orders for the October BREWINGS of their PALE ALE, in Casks of 18 Gallons and upwards, at the BREWERY, BURTON-ON-TRENT;
and at the undermentioned Branch Establishments:
Messrs. SAMUEL AlLSOPP and SONS <(
King William-street, E.C.
Cook-street
Ducie-place
Upper Temple-street..
Commercial-buildings
The London-road
Granby-strect
Exchange-street
The Low Pavement ..
Wharf-street ..
Burnt Tree
The Cross
King-street, Bristol ..
Crampton Quay
Cook-street
Union-street-lano
St. Vincent-strcet
279, Rue St. Honore ..
LONDON.
LIVERPOOL.
MANCHESTER.
BIRMINGHAM.
LEEDS.
DERBY.
LEICESTER.
WOLVERHAMPTON.
CHESTERFIELD.
STOKE-UPON-TRENT.
DUDLEY.
WORCESTER.
SOUTH WALES.
DUBLIN.
CORK.
EDINBURGH.
GLASGOW.
PARIS.
Messrs. ALLSOPP and SONS take this opportunity of announcing to PRIVATE FAMILIES that their ALES, so strongly recommended by the
Medical Profession, may be procured in BOTTLES and CASKS, and on DRAUGHT, from all the most respectable Winn and Beer Merchants and
Licensed Victuallers, on “ALLSOPP’S PALE ALE” being especially asked for.
When in Bottles the genuiness of the label can be ascertained by its having “ ALLSOPP and SONS” written across it, upon red and white ground striped.
The Brewery, Burton-on-Trent, October, i860.
71
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER.
FORD’S AHA AND ZOUAVE JACKETS.
(A few Illustrations of Jackets selected from by far the largest Stock in Europe.)
Cashmere or cloth Zouave, beautifully braided, 21s.
Lyons Velvet .2£ to 4 guineas.
Marcella, with Vest complete.21s.
Rich Velvet, with Stars or Sequins .. 42s. Od.
Cachmere or cloth.14s. 9d.
B
Superfine cloth .15s. Od.
Sealskin, all colours.21s. Od.
Cachmere , oi -all colours, beautifully
trimmed.21s. Od.
Plain cloth, this shape .10s. 6d.
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Superfine cloth .16s. 9d.;
Cachmere, all colours, same price, braided in gold, j
Rich Velvet, 42s.; or, plain,31s. 6d., lined through¬
out. i
4-
FORD’S AIXA JACKET, beautifully fitting and;
richly braided.
Superfine Cloth.21s..
Lyons Velvet . 42s. and 63s.:
Very fine Cloth or Cachmere, braided and orna¬
mented with black or steel beads, lined through¬
out with Silk.2£ guineas*
Flain Velvet Jackets, this shape .. 31s. 6d.
42, OXFORD-STREET, LONDON, W.
■y
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72
_ THE IL LUSTR ATED LONDON
JUST PUBLISHED,
P. AND S. BEYFUS’S
NEW ILLUSTRATED
FURNITURE CATALOGUE.
FORWARDED GRATIS AND POST-FREE.
P. and S. BEYFUS have issued for 1861 an entirely new
; Catalogue, containing 350 Engravings of every description of
i
CABINET PURNITUBE
AND
LOOKING-GLASSES.
The designs will he found most faithful, and of the greatest
assistance to
COUNTRY RESIDENTS,
; or those who may be prevented from visiting their Establish¬
ment, whilst the prices will be found lower than those of any
other house in the Kingdom.
Country Orders delivered Carriage-free.
P. and S. BEYFUS respectfully solicit of intending purchasers
the inspection of their
EXTENSIVE STOCK,
which will be found the most varied in the metropolis.
ESTIMATES
FOR
COMPLETE HOUSE-FURNISHING.
£
s.
d.
No. 1. A. Yonx-Toomed House .
20
1
0
No. 2. A Six-roomed House
67
5
6
No. 3. An Eight-roomed House . ,
120
6
5
No. 4. A Ten-roomed House
248
5
0
No. 5. A Twelve-roomed House .
323
13
10
No. 6. A Fourteen-roomed House
.
.
330 17
10
CITY FURNITURE WAREHOUSES,
91 to 95, CITY-ROAD, E.C.
ESTABLISHED 1843.
ALMANACK ADVERTISER.
UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF ROYALTY AND ARISTOCRACY
OF EUROPE,
ROWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL,
of Unprecedented Success, during the Lost Sixty Years, in promoting the
Growth, Restoring, and Beautifying the Human Hair.
The following is a brief notice of some of its PRINCIPAL VIRTUES, as a MILD,
STIMULATIVE, CORRECTIVE, and PRESERVATIVE agent for the Hair. The
subject is more fully treated in a small pamphlet which accompanies each bottle
of Rowlands’ Macassar Oil, and wherein important hints and advice will be.
found on the Culture OF THE Hair of Infancy, and on its PRESERVATION
and BEAUTY through the SEVERAL STAGES OF HUMAN LIFE :—
INFANCY.—It insinuates its balsamic properties into the pores of the head,
nourishes the hair in its embryo state, accelerates its growth, sustains it in
maturity, and continues the possession of healthy vigour, silky softness, and
luxuriant redundancy, to the latest period of human life. Genial and purifying, it
dispels all scurf and impurity, and renders the usqpf the fine comb unnecessary.
The BEARD, WHISKERS, and MUSTACHES.—Its extraordinary power
in promoting the growth of the Hair is singularly displayed in creating these
ornaments of manhood.
CURL and EMBELLISHMENT.—In dressing the Hair nothing can equal
its effect, rendering the Hair so admirably soft that it will lie in any direction,
producing beautifully flowing curls, and by the transcendent lustre it imparts
rendering the COIFFURE inexpressively attractive.
GREY r HAIR.—Its nourishing properties are eminently successful in the
PREVENTION of Grey Hair, and in numerous instances in the RESTORATION
to its original colour.
BALDNESS.—Its reproductive powers are constantly and surprisingly shown
in cases of Baldness, so that in numerous instances, where other specifies have
been tried in vain, this celebrated Oil has effected a complete restoration of
beautiful Hair.
SEA-BATHING and VIOLENT EXERCISE.—After indulging in either of
these, so apt to exhaust the nourishing matter secreted at the roots or bulbs of
the Hair, the MACASSAR Oil will be found most efficacious, both in preserving
and in immediately restoring the Hair to its usual appearance of health with
RENOVATED BRIGHTNESS.
CLIMATE.—This inestimable Oil preserves its virtues unimpaired by change
of climate, and is alike in use from the frigid to the torrid zone, from the assemblies
of St. Petersburg and Moscow to those of Calcutta and the remote East.
Price 3s. 6d.,7s., 10s. Gd. (equal to four small), and 21s. per Bottle.
ROWLANDS’ KALYDOR,
An ORIENTAL BOTANICAL PREPARATION
FOR IMPROVING AND BEAUTIFYING THE COMPLEXION AND SKIN.
It is selected by Ladies in preference to all other preparations for the same
object, as the great producer and preserver of a healthy purity of complexion,
and a conservator of female beauty, in all climates, and during every stage in
the progression of life from youth to age. It has also received the zealous
recommendation of the most eminent of the faculty.
This delightful preparation is extracted from exotics of the mildest and most
balsamic nature; is warranted perfectly innocent and free from mineral or
other pernicious admixture ; operating as a powerful cleanser of the skin, it
speedily eradicates Freckles, Tan, Pimples, Spots, Redness, and every other
Cutaneous Defect. The radiant bloom it imparts to the check, the softness and
delicacy which it induces of the hands and arms, its capability of soothing irri¬
tation and removing unsightly eruptions, render it indispensable to every toilet.
Its PURIFYING and REFRESHING PROPERTIES have ensured its selection
by Royalty and the aristocracy of Europe, and it is universally in high repute,
from the sultry climes of India to the frozen realms of the Czar. Price 4s. Gd.
and 8s. Gd. per bottle.
■WHITE AND SOUND TEETH
are indispensable to personal attraction, and to health and longevity,
by the proper mastication of food.
ROWLANDS’ 0D0NT0,
OR PEARL DENTIFRICE,
compounded of oriental ingredients, is of inestimable value in
PRESERVING AND BEAUTIFYING THE TEETH,
STRENGTHENING T1IE GUMS,
and in giving a DELICATE FRAGRANCE TO THE BREATH.
It eradicates Tartar from the Teeth, removes spots of incipient decay, and
polishes and preserves the enamel, to which it imparts a
PEARLLIKE WHITENESS.
As the most efficient and fragrant aromatic purifier of the Breath, Teeth>
and Gums, ever known, Rowlands’ Odonto has, for a long series of years,
occupied a distinguished place at the Toilets of the Sovereigns and the Ndbility
throughout Europe ; while the general demand for it at once announces the
favour in which it is universally held. Price 2s. 9d. per box.i
Sold at 20, HATTON-GARDEN, and by Chemists and Perfumers.
*** Ask FOR “ ROWLANDS’ ” ARTICLES.
73
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER.
fNTERE STING- CORRESPONDENCE.
It is important that the reader should closely observe the dates of the letters
annexed, the first having been written seventeen years ago, and forwarded to
Messrs. T. ROBERTS and CO. by Mr. ALEXANDER, of Great Yarmouth.
The second letter, just received, is from Mr. F. R. M. KING, of Gorleston,
and it is important to notice that Mr. W. Prentice, who wrote the first letter
seventeen years ago, has continued the use of
PARR’S LIFE PILLS
ever since. , _ ,,
« High-street, Gorleston, Great Yarmouth,
June 20,1S43.
“ Sir,—I hereby declare that I have received a very great benefit from PARR’S
Life Pills. My case, Sir, is briefly this: I had been a long time afflicted
with the Rheumatism, that I could not dress or undress alone; with violent
pains in my bones all over, and joints so stiff I could hardly walk. Some
twelve or fourteen years ago I had a dreadful fall and hurt my ribs and side very
much; the ill effects of that increased as I advanced in years, and was so bad
the winter before last that I could not stand my work a whole day, and of a
night could not turn myself in my bed without the most excruciating pain.
I fortunately resolved to try Parr’S Pills, not with much hope of success,
for I was too bad to expect it. I took, I think, about four small boxes in two
months, and, astonishing to relate, in that short time I was completely cured.
I would willingly have taken them two years to have received half the benefit
I did ; by that time I was as well as ever I was in my life, and as free from pain,
and, thank God, so I have continued for a whole twelvemonth. I stiff take a few
occasionally. I never have since had the least symptoms of any of^ the pains
with which I was before so grievously tormented. Indeed, I don’t recollect
one year out of fifty that I was so perfectly free from pain as during the last.
I really do believe they are the best medicine ever offered to the public; they
not only invigorate the body, but they also enliven and exhilarate the mind.
You are at liberty to make use of this, or of my name to any of the above facts,
which I will verify on oath if required.
I remain, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
"William Prentice,
P.S.—I have several friends trying them, and some of them have received
considerable benefit already; the greatest difficulty is to persuade them to
persevere, and, if they don’t, I am persuaded it is but little use. I say to all
persevere, and they will be certain of success.
To Mr. Alexander, Stationer, King-street, Yarmouth, Norfolk.
c
Statistics show that 60,000 persons annually faff victims to Pulmonary
Disorders, including Consumption, Diseases of the Chest, and the Respiratory
Organs. Prevention is at all times better than cure ; be, therefore, prepared
during the wet and wintry season, with a supply of
KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES,
which possess the virtue of averting as well as of curing a Cough or Cold;
they are good alike for the young or for the aged—they soothe bronchial
irritation, and for improving the voice, the Preacher, Statesman, Singer, and
Actor, have long patronised them.
Prepared and Sold in Boxes, Is. ljd., and Tins, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 10s. 6d.
each, by
THOMAS KEATING, Chemist, &c.,
79, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD, LONDON.
Retail by all Druggists and Patent Medicine Vendors in the "World.
N.B.—To prevent spurious imitations, please to observe that the words
“KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES” are engraven on the Government
Stamp of each Box, without which none are genuine.’
This day, September 25, 1860, Messrs. T. ROBERTS and CO. have received
a letter from Mr. F. R. M. KING, of Gorleston, Great Yarmouth, in which he
says:—
“ Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.
“ Dear Sirs,—I will thank you to send me without delay the usual quantity
of Parr’s Pills. Mr. W. PRENTICE, of this place, stiff continues to take
PARR’S Pills, and always obtains them from my shop.
“ Your attention will much oblige,
“ Yours respectfully,
“F. R. M. KING,
THE ABOVE FACTS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES, AND CLEARLY
PROVE THAT
PARR’S LIFE PILLS
ARE A SAFE AND VALUABLE MEDICINE, RESTORING FROM
SICKNESS TO HEALTH, AND PRESERVING IT TO THE LATEST
PERIOD OF LIFE.
Mr. W. Prentice resides at Gorleston, and is now nearly ninety years of
age, enjoying excellent health.
o u G H
KEATING’S
L O Z
E N G E S.
C
O D - L
KEATING’S
I V E
R
OIL
JUST IMPORTED.
THE PALE FROM NEWFOUNDLAND,
AND
THE LIGHT BLOWN FROM NORWAY.
The supplies of the present season have never been surpassed, the fish being
unusually fine, and the oil nearly tasteless.
Professors Taylor and Thompson, of Guy’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals,
have analysed, and pronounced the PALE NEWFOUNDLAND OIL the best
and most desirable for invalids of very delicate constitution.
The LIGHT BROWN being more economical in price is brought within
the reach of all classes.
No higher price need be paid than the following :—
Light Brown, Is. Sd. per pint, or 3s. per quart.
Pale, Is. 6d. half-pints, 2s. 6d. pints, 4s. 6d. quarts, or in five-pint bottle^
10s. 6d. imperial measure ; at
79, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD, LONDON.
J UVENILE PARTIES.—If you occasionally give
these entertainments you cannot possibly make a more acceptable
offering to your youthful guests than a Package of really fine Confections,
and for that purpose we would especially recommend those called
WOTHERSPOON’S VICTORIA LOZENGES, manufactured by Messrs.
Wotherspoon and Co., of Glasgow and London, because they are free from all
colouring matters, and are made by self-acting machinery, which renders
them independent of manipulation in the process of manufacture. Messrs.
W. and Co. having taken the precaution to make up these agreable sweets
in neat packages bearing the name of their firm, you can have no difficulty
in assuring yourselves of the genuineness of what you get. Not their least
recommendation is their cheapness, as they are sold as low as a penny per
packet and upwards, which we believe is as cheap as the common kinds of
confections. The}’ are flavoured with Peppermint, Cinnamon, Rose, Lemon,
and a variety of other fine essences, and are to be had from the principal
Grocers and Druggists throughout the country.
Persons who are suffering from headache or indigestion, whether arising
from constitutional inaction, biliary disarrangement or over-indulgence at the
table, are particularly recommended to try Parr’S Pills. They have never
been known to fail in affording immediate relief. Parr’s Life PILLS are
the best medicine for bilious ailments, scorbutic complaints, affections of the
nervous system, lowness of spirits, palpitation of the heart, rheumatic pains in
the head and limbs, oppression of the chest, indigestion, redundancy of bile,
dizziness of the eyes, violent pains across the forehead, impaired memory, sick
headache, restlessness and bad dreams, stuporific dozing, flatulency, costive¬
ness, &c.
Price Is. l£d., 2s. 9d., and in family packets, 11s. each. Sold by all Chemists
and Medicine Vendors.
{ OBSERVE.—That round the sides of each box of the genuine medicine is
I affixed the ENGLlsn GOVERNMENT Stamp, on which is engraved, in WHITE
I letters on a RED ground, the words “ PARR’S LIFE PILLS.”
Sole Proprietors,
T. ROBERTS & CO., 8, Crane Court, Fleet Street, London.
AIR-DESTROYER.— 248, High. HoTbom, London.
______ ALEX. ROSS’S DEPILATORY removes, without any effect to the
skin, superfluous hair from the face, neck, and arms. 3s. Gd. or 42 stamps.
C ORNS, &c.—Mr. SPENCER, Chiropodist, may be
consulted daily. Fee, half-a-sovereign. At home from Twelve till
Five.—39, New Bond-street, W.
OR PURITY OF CO L O UR,
THE GLENFIELD STARCH IS THE BEST.
FOR ELASTICITY,
THE GLENFIELD STARCH IS UNRIVALLED.
FOR GLOSSY FINISH,
THE GLENFIELD STARCH IS INDISPENSABLE.
FOR ECONOMY,
THE GLENFIELD STARCH IS UNEQUALLED.
piIUBB’S LOCKS and FIREPROOF SAFES,
with all the newest improvements, Street-door Latches, Cash and
Deed Boxes. Fuff illustrated price lists sent gratis and post-free. CHUBB
and SON, 57, St. Paul’s-churchyard, London ; 28, Lord-street, Liverpool;
16, Market-street, Manchester; and Wolverhampton.
E xtraordinary merit must belong to
that which
Pleases Every One,
And such is the case with the
GLENFIELD PATENT STARCH.
74
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER
R OYAL ASYLUM for ORPHAN and other
NECESSITOUS CHILDREN of Parents once in Prosperity. By
Voluntary Contributions. Subscriptions gratefully received.
Office, 2, Walbroolc, E.C. E. F. LEEKS, Sec.
R. CORNWELL’S EDUCATIONAL WORKS.
_ GEOGRAPHY FOR BEGINNERS, 7th Edition, Is.
A SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 28th Edition, 3s. Gd.; with Maps, 5s. Gd.
A SCHOOL ATLAS, 2s. Gd. plain, 4s. coloured.
ALLEN AND CORNWELL’S GRAMMAR, 30th Edition, 2s. red, Is. 9d. cloth.
GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, 36th Edition, Is. cloth, 9d. sewed.
THE YOUNG COMPOSER, 23rd Edition, Is. 6d.
A KEY TO THE YOUNG COMPOSER, 3s.
SELECT ENGLISH POETRY, 11th Edition, 4s.
DR. ALLEN’S EUTROPIUS, with a Complete Dictionary, 3s.
THE SCIENCE OF ARITHMETIC, Gtli Edition, 4s. 6d.
ARITHMETIC FOR BEGINNERS, 4th Edition, Is. 6d.
London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co. ; HAMILTON, ADAMS, and Co.
Edinburgh; OLIVER and BOYD.
T i-ie best new music at half price.
T. GOOK, Stationer, Bookseller, Newsagent, and Musicseller, the
Post-office, Cambridge-street, Pimlico, London, will forward, on receipt of
postage-stamps, the best new Music at half-price.
A complete Stock of the MUSICAL BOUQUET always on hand. Four single
Numbers sent free for Is. A Catalogue sent on receipt of one postage-stamp.
The Daily TIMES posted with regularity at 23s. per quarter, paid in
advance; and 25s., if paid at the end of the quarter.
All orders promptly attended to. Post-office orders made payable to Thomas
Gook, on Churton-street, S.W. Established seven years.
2s. 6d., or thirty-two stamps, Fourth Edition,
C orpulency, and its new self-dietaey cure.
By A. W. MOORE, M.K.C.S.
A. and M. Evans, 42, Tachbrook-street, Pimlico, S.W.
WRITING, BOOK-KEEPING, Etc.
P ERSONS of any age, however bad their writing, may, in
EIGHT Lessons, acquire permanently an elegant and flowing style of
PENMANSHIP, adapted either to professional pursuits or private corre¬
spondence.
ARITHMETIC on a method requiring only one-third the time usually
requisite.
BOOK-KEEPING, as practised in the Government, Banking, and Merchants’
Offices; Short-hand, Ac.
For Tenns, Ac., apply to MR. Smart, at the Institution, 97b, Quadrant,
entrance corner of Swallow-street (removed from No. 5, Piccadilly).
“ A practical, scientific, and really philosophic method .”—Colonial Review.
“ Under Mr. Smart, penmanship has been reduced to a science .”—Polytechnic
Journal.
“ A ready and elegant style of penmanship .”—Post Magazine.
“ Calculated to work miracles in penmanship.”— Era.
“ A correct and improved method of instruction.” —Magazine of Science.
“ Mr. Smart has great tact in instructing and improving his pupils,”—
London Mercantile Journal.
“ Founded on philosophical principles.”— School of Arts.
“ We advise all bad writers to apply to Mr. Smart .”—Evening Star.
*** Caution.— No connection with any parties teaching in the Provinces
or elsewhere, assuming the Name, copying the Advertisements, Ac., of Mr.
William Smart, whose sole address is,
97B, QUADRANT, REGENT-STREET.
OBSERVE .'-PRIVATE AND CARRIAGE ENTRANCE, CORNER OP
SWALLOW-STREET. Removed from 5, Piccadilly.
Now ready, price Gd.; by post for 7 stamps,
R IMMEL’S ALMANACK for 1861,
BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED AND PERFUMED.
RIMMEL’S PERFUMED VALENTINE OF THE
LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS,
Price Is.; by post for 13 stamps.
Sold by all the Trade.
RIMMEL, PERFUMER TO THE QUEEN,
9G, Strand, and 24, Comhill, London ; and
17, Boulevard des Italiens, Paris.
THE
ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS
CONTAINS A COMPLETE
RECORD OF ALL THE NEWS OF THE WEEK
AT HOME, ABROAD, AND IN THE COLONIES.
The Proprietor and Conductors of the ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS believe
that one of the causes of its great success is that the Journal has always
honestly advocated NATIONAL INTERESTS, without Ifear or flattery of party
or class; and that it receives a ready welcome in every home, for the reason
that all objectionable subjects are rigidly excluded from its columns. The
mass of information embodied in its pages, contributed by the most eminent
literary gentlemen of the day ; the splendour of its Engravings, and the
lieautiful Pictures, Printed in Colours, for the purpose of being framed, render
this Journal the most Pleasing Instructor of the day in Politics, Literature,
Science, and the Fine Arts. As a medium for advertising it has no equal;
and, considering its enormous circulation, the charges are moderate.
PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.
TERMS FOR UNSTAMPED COPIES. STAMPED COPIES—FREE BY POST.
Per Year, £1 3s. 4d.; Half-Year, 11s. 8d. | Per Year, £1 8s.; Half-Year, 14s,
(Including Four Double Numbers.
Single Copies, 5d.; Stamped, Gd.
A few copies of the ILLUSTRATED LONDON news from the Commencement
may be had at the Office. 3G Volumes, cloth gilt, £34 2s.; sewed, £25 3s.
The Illustrated London News may also be had in Monthly Parts and
Volumes.
Subscriptions received by all Booksellers and Newsvendors, and at the
OFFICE, 198, STRAND, LONDON.
F
BEDDING. CARPETS.
URNITURE CARRIAGE FREE
TO ALL PARTS OF ENGLAND.
RICHARD LOADER AND CO.,
MANUFACTURING CABINETMAKERS, CARPET-WAREHOUSEMEN, AND
GENERAL HOUSE-FURNISIIERS,
23 and 24, Pavement, Finsbury, London, E.C.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES GRATIS AND POST-FREE.
W
ILLIAM SPURRIER,
MANUFACTURER OF
ELECTRO-SILVER PLATE GOODS.
Birmingham : 5, Newhall-street.
LONDON : 4, Barge-yard, Bucklersbury.
UNS, BREECH LOADERS, DOUBLE
V)T RIFLES, REVOLVERS, AIR CANES, &c.-Superior Double
Fowlingpieces, in Cases, with Apparatus complete, 10 to 25 Guineas.
Improved Breech Loaders for quick firing, to load with cartridges, containing
the entire charge. Enfield Rifles, Ac., for Volunteers. Small-bore Pea Rifles
for Rabbit and Sea-fowl shooting, from 105s. Adams’ Patent, and all the
approved Revolvers. Air Canes, from G5&. Saloon Pistols, Stick Guns, Ac.
E. M. REILLY and CO.,
Gunmakors, 502, Now Oxford-street; also, 315, near Regent-circus,
LONDON.
A new design in lamp shades.—
. “A very elegant novelty in Lamp Shades has been submitted to our
inspection. It consists in the introduction of coloured transparent photo¬
graphic drawings into the body of the shade, wliicli is of cardboard, very
tastefully embossed. The effect is remarkably beautiful, and the design is
very superior to anything of the kind which we have yet seen. In the
specimen before us the photographs selected are points of architectural
beauty in Paris; and, by the ingenious contrivance of the designer, the
lights, as of lamps and illuminated windows, are brought out in all the
brightness of reality. Mr. Barnes, of Lornmore-terrace, Carter-street,
Walworth, is the skilful designer of this shade, which, in its way, must be
regarded as a work of art .”—Railway Record.
May be had, wholesale, of the Patentee, address as above; and Palmer and
Co., Button-street, Clerkenwell; Dobb and Kidd, Fleet-street.
Retail: All first-class Lamphouses and Stationers.
QAAA SOLD; “thevery best;” “answersadmirably”
(see testimonials).—FELLOWS’ PATENT VENT-PEG, Is. each ;
used by the London Brewers and Winemercliants ; will last 20 years; no
trouble to servants. Patentee’s name and a number on each peg. Sold by
Hill, 4, Haymarket; Slack, 33G, Strand ; and all Ironmongers. "Wholesale
Agents, Warner and Sons, and Morgan Brothers, London.
75
- ^
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON ALMANACK ADVERTISER,
DR. DE .TONGUES
(KNIGHT OP THE ORDER OF LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM)
LIGHT BROWN
COB LITER OIL,
PRESCRIBED BY THE MOST EMINENT MEDICAL MEN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD AS THE SAFEST, SPEEDIEST,
AND MOST EFFECTUAL REMEDY FOR
CONSUMPTION, BRONCHITIS, ASTHMA, COUGHS, GENERAL DEBILITY, RHEUMATISM,
GOUT, NEURALGIA, DISEASES OF THE SKIN, RICKETS, INFANTILE
WASTING, AND ALL SCROFULOUS AFFECTIONS.
The invariable purity, palatableness, speedy efficacy, and consequent economy of this unrivalled preparation have obtained for
it the general approval and unqualified confidence of the Medical Profession, and, notwithstanding the active, and, in too many
instances, unscrupulous, opposition of interested dealers, an unprecedented amount of public patronage.
The immeasurable therapeutic superiority of Dr. de Jongh’s Cod-liver Oil over every other variety is incontestably
established by the recorded opinions of the most distinguished Physicians and Surgeons in all parts of the world. In numberless
instances, where other kinds of Cod-liver Oil had been long and copiously administered with little or no benefit, Dr. de Jongh’s
Oil has produced almost immediate relief, arrested disease, and restored health.
CONSUMPTION, AND DISEASES OF THE CHEST AN THROAT.
The extraordinary virtues of Dr. de JONGH’S Ligiit-browx Cod-liver Oil in Pulmonary Consumption may now be considered as fully established.
No remedy so rapidly restores the exhausted strength, improves the nutritive functions, stops or diminishes emaciation, checks the perspiration, quiets the
cough and expectoration, or produces a more marked and favourable influence on the local malady.
The following high testimony to the efficacy of Dr. DE JONGH’S Cod-liver Oil in Diseases of the Chest is afforded by Allen G. CHATTAWAY, Esq.,
M.R.C.S., the eminent Surgeon of Leominster: —
“ Having for some years extensively used Dr. de JONGH’S Light-brown Cod-liver Oil both in public and private practice, I have no hesitation in
stating its effects are very far superior to those of any other Cod-liver Oil. Nearly four years since, two cases of confirmed consumption were placed under
my care; in both the lungs were a mass of tubercular'Heposit, and every possible sound to be heard in phthisis was present. The sole remedy employed was
Dr. de JONGH’S Light-brown Cod-liver Oil ; and now (I860) the patients are strong and fat; the diseased (abnormal) sounds nearly inaudible ; and in
the one case (male) hunting, fishing, and shooting, are freely indulged in, the patient expressing himself quite capable of undergoing as much fatigue as any
of his fellow-sportsmen.”
The same beneficial results atcend the administration of this Oil in many Chronic Affections of the Throat as in Pulmonary Diseases. M. Ciiampouillon,
the celebrated Physician to the Hospital of Yal de Grace, and Dll. DANIELSEN, of Bergen, record, from considerable experience, that this Oil is most effectual
:in curing CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. No remedy so speedily allays, and permanently removes, the distressing irritation which provokes frequent and pro¬
longed coughing. The actual benefit derived is thus conclusively stated by ARTHUR Cridland, Esq., M.R.C.S. : —
\ “ The eifect of DR. DE Jongh’s Cod-liver Oil on myself in the latter stage of hooping-cough last winter was remarkable. I suffered from excessive
: irritation of the larynx ; consequently, I was greatly reduced in strength and appearance, and quite unable to attend to my professional duties. It occurred
to me that the oil which I was frequently prescribing would benefit my own case, and after taking it a few days its good effect commenced, and at the end of
six weeks I regained my usual health and strength, and had entirely lost thelaryngial irritation, which was of a most harassing and fearfully distressing character.
“ It is, therefore, with much pleasure I beg to add my testimony to the excellent results attendant on Dr. de Jongii’s Oil.”
DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD.
In cases of languid aiid imperfect nutrition often observed in children, where the appetite is capricious and digestion slow and painful, and the body becomes
weak and wasted, without any apparent disease, this Oil, after a few weeks, and sometimes in a few days, has produced the most extraordinary transition to a
•state of normal health. This* effect is thus described by the distinguished physician DR. Edward CAREY
“ It is in the diseases incidental to childhood that mainly depend on the mal-assimilation of the food in the pale cachectic child,when the anxious practitioner
has exhausted the whole range of alteratives and tonics, that this Cod-liver Oil will come in and satisfy his most sanguine expectations. Where the powers of
life are low’ it affords nourishment to the bodj’ when none other can be borne ; it furnishes the frame with fat in a truly wonderful manner; and, administered
as it is in Holland, to the delicate and puny child, who, though not considered ill, is in that state of impaired health which would favour the development of
disease, its extraordinary effects will soon be visible, after having taken it for a short period, in a return to health and strength which were before unknown,
(and which will be accomplished by no other remedy W’ith which we are at present acquainted.”
: Du. PEARCE, the popular Author of “ Eve 17 Mother’s Book,” and the “ Hygiene of Schools,” observes : —
“ I have extensively prescribed DR. DE Jongh’s Oil, anil the more frequently I have an opportunity of observing its effects the more am I satisfied of its
superiority to any other preparation of this valuable medicinal agent. The smallness of dose as compared with the Pale Oil is one advantage—both as regards
economy and the decreased likelihood of offending an irritable stomach ; and another, in many instances of equal importance, is the absence <rf that disagreeable
jand sickly taste which is one of the characteristics of the Pale Oil. In a large parish practice, and also in an establishment containing 150 children, I now
prescribe none other than Dr. de Jongh’s Oil.”
GENERAL DEBILITY AND EMACIATION.
In cases of prostration and emaciation produced by long sickness, by exposure to the deleterious influences of tropical and unhealthy climates, to
vicissitudes of temperature, or w’here extreme heat, excessive labour, fatigue, bad nourishment, and other hardships have caused depressing lassitude, ami
reduced the vital forces, and where life appeared to be even at its lowest ebb, the restorative powers of DR. DE JONGH’S Oil have been remarkably manifested.
By its administration, the natural appetite is revived, and the functions of digestion and assimilation improved, reanimated, and regulated ; atu\, when its use
has been steadily persevered in, its peculiar tonic and nutritive properties have entirely restored health and strength to the most feeble and deteriorated
constitutions.
The actual benefit derived is thus described by Benjamin Clarki:, Esq., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Author of “ Notes and Suggestions on Cod-liver Oil and its
Uses ” : —
“ Having myself taken both the Pale and Light-brow’n Cod-liver Oils for Debility, I am able, from my own experience, to remark upon their effects and
comparative usefulness as remedial agents. After the Tale Oil and all other remedies that I could think of had failed, I tried, merely as a last resort. DR: De
Jongh’s Light-brown Oil. I received immediate relief ; and its use was the means of my restoration to health. In their sensible properties and chemical
constituents the Pale Oil and DR. I)E Jongii’s Light-brown Oil are distinct medicines; and, from my observation of tlieir mode of action and effects, I
must believe that I have seen many patients die, both in hospital and pi’ivate practice, some of them of juvenile years, and others in the prime of life, who, in all
probability, would have been cured if the medical properties of Dr. DE Jongii’s Light-brown Oil had been known as they are now, and its use prescribed.”
Sold only in IMPERIAL Half-pints, 2s. Cd. ; Pints, 4s. 9d. ; Quarts, 9s.; Capsuled and Labelled with Dr. DE JONGH’S Stamp and Signature,
without which none can possibly be genuine,
By most respectable Chemists and Druggists throughout the British Empire.
SOLE CONSIGNEES, ANSAE, HARFORD, AND CO., 77, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
CAUTION.— Beware of Proposed Substitutions.
4
v
76
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